{"title":"Camargue Biosphere Reserve - France","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"2104c05c-3b60-46f8-9ebd-da86695f2ede"},"type":"site","created":"2016-07-06T10:16:18+02:00","changed":"2021-02-23T10:03:47+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"EuroMAB","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"ea4aa6ab-115f-4801-b59f-fcb90b918371"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":false}],"projects":[{"label":"EcoPotential (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/641762"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Brigitte Poulin","email":"poulin@tourduvalat.org","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Brigitte Poulin","email":"poulin@tourduvalat.org","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":null},"general":{"abstract":"The Camargue Biosphere Reserve covers 193 000 ha, including 50% of natural and semi-natural habitats dominated by lagoons, brackish\/freshwater open and reed marshes, halophilous steppes, rangelands and fallow lands. Resilience of these ecosystems to anthropogenic influences is variable and can translate into alpha, beta and gamma biodiversity loss through ecosystem fragmentation and transition (eg, from halophilous steppes to reed marsh following freshwater input), and modification of ecosystem health state with feedbacks on ecosystem services, especially in terms of human uses (waterfowl hunting, bull grazing, reed harvesting, nature conservation). These natural ecosystems are intermingled with agro-systems of which the evolution from family to speculative farming is likely to affect biodiversity. The delta is almost completely polderized, and each year about 400 000 000 m3 of water is pumped from the Rh\u00f4ne to permit rice cultivation (and incidentally water management of marshes and pastures), of which 55% is pumped back to the Rh\u00f4ne, the rest being evacuated (when possible!) to the sea through the Vaccar\u00e8s lagoon. Sea level rise, climatic variability, modification of agricultural policy (affecting rice farming areas), freshwater availability (increased penetration of the saltwater wedge from the Rh\u00f4ne) and underground salinisation will differently affect these ecosystems of which the dependency upon the hydro-system, primarily developed for rice production, is variable. Considering the high degree of \u0027artificialisation\u0027 of the delta, research and transfer activities at Tour du Valat are mostly targeting human behaviors, since we consider that management actions have currently more impact than evolution of abiotic conditions on ecosystems. Our mail goal is to foster  adaptation of users, managers and decision makers to global changes.\r\nThe Tour du Valat (TdV) is a private research centre located on a 2 600 ha estate (of which 1 800 ha are classified in natural reserve) in the Camargue (Rh\u00f4ne delta), south of France. Created in 1954 and legally recognised as a non-profit-making association, it has set itself the mission to halt and reverse the destruction and degradation of Mediterranean wetlands and their natural resources, and promote their wise use. Pioneer in producing management plans for protected natural areas, its activities are today largely oriented towards multidisciplinary research, co-constructed with or transferred to stakeholders and aimed at preserving the biodiversity, functions and services provided by ecosystems in a context of global changes. Disciplines such as hydrology, remote sensing, plant and animal ecology are combined into three main ecosystem approaches corresponding to modeling, restoration and management. Tour du Valat collaborates with managers, users, research organizations, and administrations. The Biosphere reserve provides a framework for collaborative projects across the entire Delta. Operational decisions are made by the Management Committee, the Technical Committee (made up of partners and stakeholders of the site), and the Scientific Council (involving researchers from Tour du Valat).\r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1977,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Camargue Biosphere Reserve","shortName":"Camargue","siteType":"not applicable","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category IV \u2013 Habitat\/Species Management Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/IV"},{"label":"Category V \u2013 Protected Landscape\/Seascape\/Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/V"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/IMGP0599.JPG","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Flamants_Fangassier_-_2010-5.JPG","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Camargue%2520bull%2520in%2520%2520halophilous%2520steppe.JPG","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/EmpruntStSeren02.jpg.jpg","alt":"not defined"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":14.2,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":600,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"mediterranean","biome":"coastal","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Large river deltas","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Urban","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Brackish coastal lagoons (X03)","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal dunes and sandy shores (B1)","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal habitats (B)","uri":null},{"label":"Coniferous woodland (G3)","uri":null},{"label":"Dry grasslands (E1)","uri":null},{"label":"Estuaries (X01)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Habitat complexes (X)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds (D6)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland salt steppes (E6)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Intensively-farmed crops interspersed with strips of natural and\/or semi-natural vegetation (X07)","uri":null},{"label":"Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice (G5)","uri":null},{"label":"Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies (C3)","uri":null},{"label":"Mesic grasslands (E2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mires, bogs and fens (D)","uri":null},{"label":"Saline coastal lagoons (X02)","uri":null},{"label":"Seasonally wet and wet grasslands (E3)","uri":null},{"label":"Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water (D5)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Coastal"],"geology":null,"hydrology":null,"soils":null,"vegetation":"The Camargue hosts 34 habitats of EU interest (Annex I of Habitats Directive), including 7 priority ones. Actually, most of the surface area of natural habitats is either occupied by habitats of EU interest or by habitats of priority species according to the Bird Directive. Although the Camargue represents only 0,3% of the country area, it hosts 400 (289 regularly) of the 570 French bird species, 50% of dragonflies and freshwater fishes, 30-40% of reptiles, amphibians, terrestrial mammals and nearly 25% of the flora (1200 species) for a total of 489 species of conservation interest. The Camargue also plays an important role for bird migration routes with nearly one million individuals from over 350 species transiting each year though the delta (site of international relevance according to Ramsar for 31 species). The only breeding colony of flamingos (flagship species) in France is also located in the Camargue. Tour du Valat is involved in several long-term population surveys, mostly on birds."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((4.8727924892648 43.362902431655, 4.8726986789828 43.361860727036, 4.8729934556214 43.361538694627, 4.87322101989 43.361129543517, 4.8737013715309 43.360848303025, 4.8756495401633 43.360307969745, 4.8762507746456 43.359978592161, 4.8764981917454 43.359702854567, 4.8768701033661 43.359784816577, 4.8776694027831 43.359720604154, 4.8782761229142 43.359525958257, 4.878207434 43.359348438074, 4.8780813729079 43.359306084324, 4.8781956798092 43.359078817912, 4.8785576517348 43.358935262346, 4.8788046098864 43.358929492093, 4.8788145191604 43.359153786314, 4.8786976551501 43.359291470034, 4.8788843453719 43.359332368563, 4.879312460672 43.359277015914, 4.8794914340328 43.359137847547, 4.8799169940527 43.358992908993, 4.8799008258213 43.35863374352, 4.8796281825635 43.358056176474, 4.8794698036016 43.357250270813, 4.8792092923696 43.356942320146, 4.8785842330181 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