{"title":"River Eden (Cumbria) - United Kingdom","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"237d419d-ae65-4132-a07b-83727e52c751"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T19:02:36+01:00","changed":"2023-07-28T10:21:19+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"UK ECN","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"a197664f-569e-4df6-933a-86de676dbfc5"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_UK_018","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrew Sier [Primary ECN contact]","email":"arjs@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrew Sier [Primary ECN contact]","email":"arjs@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"John Tacon","email":"john.tacon@environment-agency.gov.uk","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Environment Agency (UK)","url":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/environment-agency","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zewfb16"}],"siteUrl":[{"title":"ECN website","value":"https:\/\/ecn.ac.uk\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"UK ECN site.  The river rises south of Kirkby Stephen on the Cumbria\/Yorkshire border and flows northwards to Carlisle before discharging to the Solway Firth. The eastern part of the catchment is drained by short, relatively steep streams from the Pennines; the western part includes tributaries of the Eamont system which arise in the eastern hills of the Lake District, and the major lakes, Ullswater and Haweswater. The catchment is largely rural, with farming the main industry. There are significant settlements on the upper part of the river at Kirkby Stephen and Appleby-in-Westmorland. Water quality in the upper reaches is classified as good and drinking water is abstracted to supply the city of Carlisle. The river is excellent for salmon (Salmo salar) fishing and also supports a sea trout (Salmo trutta) run. Many other species of fish are also found, eg brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), grayling (Thymallus thymallus), chub (Leuciscus cephalus), dace (Leuciscus leuciscus, eel, minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), loach (Barbatula barbatula), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), sea lamprey (Petromygon marinus), and brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and bullhead (Cottus gobio). Otters and native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) are also found in the Eden catchment. The Eden at Temple Sowerby is within the \u0022River Eden and Tributaries\u0022 SSSI, and is Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EC Habitats and Species Directive. The sampling site is in an upland farming area at an altitude of about 100 m AOD. The surrounding countryside is hilly, with some woodlands, rising to the bare slopes of the Pennine hills to the east. These have been mined for lead and silver in historic times, and gypsum is still extracted. The underlying bedrock is Permo-Triassic Penrith Sandstone, with smaller tributaries of the Eden draining from the surrounding Carboniferous Limestone. The market town of Appleby, with a population of about 3000, is roughly 14 km away by road. Its primary influence on the river is the discharge from the Sewage Treatment Works 16 km upstream, which currently has secondary treatment and, since January 1999, phosphorus stripping of the wastewaters it receives. The ECN site is at the Eden Bridge in Temple Sowerby, at NGR 3604 5282, where the A66 trunk road crosses the river.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1994,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"River Eden (Cumbria)","shortName":"R01","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/eden2-modified.jpg","alt":"River Eden (Cumbria)"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":7.86,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1096,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"atlantic","biome":"freshwater_rivers","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Fresh Water Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface running waters (C2)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water rivers"],"geology":"The underlying bedrock is Permo-Triassic Penrith Sandstone, with smaller tributaries of the Eden draining from the surrounding Carboniferous Limestone.","hydrology":"The river rises south of Kirkby Stephen on the Cumbria \/Yorkshire border and flows northwards to Carlisle before discharging to the Solway Firth. The eastern part of the catchment is drained by short, relatively steep streams from the Pennines; the western part includes tributaries of the Eamont system which arise in the eastern hills of the Lake District, and the major lakes, Ullswater and Haweswater. Water quality in the upper reaches is classified as good and drinking water is abstracted to supply the city of Carlisle. The river is excellent for salmon (Salmo salar) fishing and also supports a sea trout (Salmo trutta) run. The sampling site is in an upland farming area at an altitude of about 100 m AOD. The surrounding countryside is hilly, with some woodlands, rising to the bare slopes of the Pennine hills to the east. These have been mined for lead and silver in historic times, and gypsum is still extracted. There is some sewage discharge into the river.","soils":null,"vegetation":"The catchment is largely rural, with farming the main industry. The area surrounding the sampling location is hilly, with some woodlands, rising to the bare slopes of the Pennine hills to the east."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((-2.4136435166541 54.638328460387, -2.4136252740616 54.636531131009, -2.4089775493996 54.636546913875, -2.4027716947907 54.635669014176, -2.3965661060885 54.63479079594, -2.3903435704109 54.63211492337, -2.3887602091337 54.628525232149, -2.3887259330338 54.624930556053, -2.384054121917 54.622249371434, -2.3809231332456 54.618664471858, -2.3793411284489 54.615074647349, -2.3777510814935 54.610586127074, -2.3746710645586 54.612393093598, -2.3700423742328 54.614204723479, -2.366953656897 54.615112820815, -2.363848767698 54.614223492788, -2.3591956441149 54.613338687888, -2.3576236370295 54.610647247948, -2.3545036718831 54.607960328869, -2.351384118101 54.605273327597, -2.3467170118536 54.602590687079, -2.3420505192194 54.599907864589, -2.3389249391091 54.596321858396, -2.3357999091664 54.592735768608, -2.3342449585144 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