{"title":"Windermere - United Kingdom","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"2b4ed6fa-ce83-4a75-af65-2cfa497ff5ba"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T18:56:31+01:00","changed":"2023-07-28T10:42:11+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"UK ECN","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"a197664f-569e-4df6-933a-86de676dbfc5"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_UK_004","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Heidrun Feuchtmayr","email":null,"orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (UKCEH)","url":"https:\/\/www.ceh.ac.uk\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pggkr55"}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrew Sier [Primary ECN contact]","email":"arjs@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Mitzi De Ville  [INACTIVE]","email":"mdv@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"ECN website","value":"https:\/\/ecn.ac.uk\/"},{"title":"Windermere on UK Lakes Portal","value":"https:\/\/eip.ceh.ac.uk\/apps\/lakes\/detail.html?wbid=29233"}]},"general":{"abstract":"UK ECN site.  Windermere is in NW England in the English Lake District, an area of great natural beauty and a tourist destination since the 18th century. The dominant geological structure of the Lake District is a dome of Paleozoic rocks formed by uplift in the Tertiary producing a radial drainage pattern later enhanced during the Pleistocene glaciation, with major lakes occupying bedrock basins in steep-sided, flat-floored valleys. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England with a surface area of 14.8km2 and altitude of only 40m. The lake is divided by a shallow sill into two basins; North Basin (NB) (surface area c. 8km2, maximum depth 64m) and South Basin (SB) (surface area c. 6.7km2, maximum depth 42m). Windermere (ECN site (2o58\u0027W 54o23\u0027N)), has a catchment of 180km2 draining into the lake via two main rivers, several small tarns (lakes) and streams. The catchment is mainly uplands, grazed by sheep all year but also used intensively for recreational purposes. The valley villages are major tourist destinations with consequent increases in sewage input to the lake. Over the past 50 years levels of dissolved reactive phosphorus in the lake have more than doubled, reaching their highest levels in the 1980s. The effluent discharged into SB from the main sewage works is now P-stripped to reduce the nutrient loading to the lake. The lake is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a source of potable water, a major recreational facility and a specialised fishery (for charr, Salvelinus alpinus). The Freshwater Biological Association and latterly the Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology have had a laboratory on the shore of Windermere for over 50 years resulting in a large body of scientific literature based on Lake District lakes.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1994,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Windermere","shortName":"L04","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category V \u2013 Protected Landscape\/Seascape\/Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/V"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/14.7.2004_Windermere_near_Rawlinsons_Nab.JPG","alt":"Sampling in Windermere"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/27.4.2005_Windermere_steamer1.JPG","alt":"Steamboat on Windermere"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2010%252011%2520Windermere%2520looking%2520N%2520%25284%2529.JPG","alt":"View over Windermere"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2012%252003%2520SBAS%2520from%2520Gummer%2527s%2520How%2520%25281%2529.JPG","alt":"Looking down on Windermere from an adjacent hill"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2016%2520March%252014th%2520Windermere%2520SBAS%2520%25283%2529.JPG","alt":"Moored sailing boats on Windermere"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2016%2520Nov%252023%2520Windermere%2520passenger%2520boat.JPG","alt":"Windermere in the winter, snow on the hills"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":7.44,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":2290.5,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"atlantic","biome":"freshwater_lakes","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes"],"geology":"The dominant geological structure of the Lake District is a dome of Paleozoic rocks formed by uplift in the Tertiary. This uplift produced a radial drainage pattern which was enhanced during the Pleistocene glaciation, with the major lakes occupying bedrock basins in steep-sided, flat-floored valleys.","hydrology":"Largest natural lake in England. Surface area: 14.8km2. Divided by a shallow sill into two basins; the North Basin (surface area: 8km2; maximum depth: 64m and the South Basin (surface area: 6.7km2; maximum depth: 42m). The North basin (which is the ECN sampling site) has a catchment of 180km2 which drains into the lake via two main rivers, several small tarns (lakes) and several streams. The catchment is mainly hill land, grazed by sheep throughout the year but also used intensively for recreational purposes. The villages in the valleys are major tourist destinations with consequent increases in the sewage input to the lake. Over the past 50 years levels of dissolved reactive phosphorus in the lake have more than doubled, reaching their highest levels in the 1980s. The effluent discharged into the North Basin of Windermere from the main sewage works is now phosphate stripped in an effort to reduce the nutrient loading to the lake.","soils":null,"vegetation":null},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((-2.9854851326688 54.497745470327, -2.9775248836109 54.496578865834, -2.9726934124565 54.493539767999, -2.9699407633777 54.488944785869, -2.9619465333486 54.486238402706, -2.952974983819 54.486925071277, -2.9497463850141 54.484488029549, -2.9432832575143 54.479305929974, -2.9410915641936 54.475937142804, -2.9325943513372 54.474156164092, -2.9219565625995 54.471159711572, -2.9193008074553 54.470564328358, -2.91724923488 54.473350168664, -2.9130287270363 54.473689928679, -2.9094048439123 54.477103109951, -2.9058211690979 54.482362707859, -2.9021755989207 54.484852409241, -2.8974252020489 54.485195573212, -2.8890147160299 54.487412347359, -2.8821693416591 54.488693709984, -2.8768040868309 54.48503909195, -2.8756154275494 54.478891621426, -2.8760649959637 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scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"plot within catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"algae species abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10338"},{"label":"algae species presence","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10343"},{"label":"ammonium content","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10071"},{"label":"ammonium nitrogen content","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10076"},{"label":"benthic invertebrates abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22027"},{"label":"benthic invertebrates presence","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10123"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"chemical parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10333"},{"label":"chlorophyll content of water","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10088"},{"label":"dissolved 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presence","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10081"},{"label":"suspended solids","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22293"},{"label":"total organic carbon","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22297"},{"label":"water acidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22030"},{"label":"water alkalinity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10303"},{"label":"water depth","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22310"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"},{"label":"water quality","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22312"},{"label":"water temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22313"},{"label":"water transparency","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10392"},{"label":"zooplankton abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/30019"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"boat","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":14,"permanentPowerSupply":false,"operation":{"permanent":true,"notes":"ECN freshwater monitoring is carried out at least once per month, if not more frequently. This lake also has an automated monitoring buoy which is serviced on a fortnightly basis.\r\n","siteVisitInterval":30},"notes":"For \u0027Measuring tower\u0027 read \u0027Automated buoy\u0027. See: http:\/\/www.ceh.ac.uk\/our-science\/projects\/uk-lake-ecological-observatory-network-ukleon. There is accommodation nearby\r\n","collection":[{"label":"Data portal","uri":null},{"label":"Marine Platform","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Structured file","uri":null},{"label":"Unknown number of beds","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/data.ecn.ac.uk\/datapolicy.asp"}],"rights":null,"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":[{"id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/dataset\/","suffix":"9a563255-0bfb-4155-bd5d-6a96598be196"},"title":"Windermere: UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) water temperature 1994-2004","changed":"2019-11-29T11:31:33+01:00"}],"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Regular Site"}}}}