{"title":"Tatra National Park - Poland","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"2cfd89fe-e561-4551-9ae3-78ad8a8a4d72"},"type":"site","created":"2016-07-13T15:25:22+02:00","changed":"2023-07-26T09:35:57+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"INTERACT","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c0f5b78b-f3b2-4ec2-9ec3-53c79ea5e15a"}},"siteCode":"https:\/\/www.interact-gis.org\/Home\/Station\/31","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"EcoPotential (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/641762"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Szymon Ziobrowski","email":"sekretariat@tpn.pl","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Marcin Bukowski","email":"mbukowski@tpn.pl","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Tatra National Park (Tatrza\u0144ski Park Narodowy - TPN) (site in Polish)","value":"http:\/\/tpn.pl"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Tatra National Park was established in 1954 to protect the Polish part of the Tatra mountains: both the High Tatras and Western Tatras, plus the northern foothills of the range. The area of the Park is approx. 212 km2, with no formally established buffer zone. Since 1992, the Park has been included in the UNESCO MaB Reserve (covering both Polish and Slovak Tatras - please see its separate description as the \u0022Parent site\u0022 here on this website). It is also also included in the Natura 2000 network: both as \u201cbird\u201d Special Protection Area (SPA) and \u201chabitat\u201d Site of Community Importance (SCI) - the code PLC 120001. \r\n\r\nThe Park protects nature, landscape, and cultural heritage of the only truly alpine  mountain range in Poland. Although currently devoid of glaciers (however, dotted with a number of beatiful mountain oligotrophic lakes instead) its geomorphology is largely a result of glacial activity which shaped its crystalline, metamorphic and sedimentary bedrocks. The mountains are characterized by climate, soils, hydrological features (mountain springs and lakes), caves and karst areas, and rich biodiversity typical of subalpine and alpine environments. Also characteristic are altitudinal vegetation zones \/ belts (described elsewhere in this profile), These vegetation zones span from mixed forests, through coniferous forests and dwarf pine to Alpine meadow communities, above which sparse vegetation endures among rocks and screes. About 2\/3 of the Tatras are covered by forest ecosystems. Most important tree species are Picea abies and Abies alba, although Pinus sylvestris, Pinus cembra, Larix decidua and Pinus mugo occur as well, accompanied birch (Betula sp.) and rowan (Sorbus sp.). In mixed forests occurring at lower elevations, species of beech (Fagus sp.) and maple (Acer sp.) can be found.\r\n\r\nThe Park\u0027s ecosystems can be divided into terrestrial forest ecosystems (occupying almost 13 000 ha), terrestrial non-forest ecosystems (approx. 7770 ha, 49 plant communities) and freshwater ecosystems (approx. 192 ha, out of which lakes occupy approx. 149 ha). As much as 60% of the Park is covered by habitats requiring conservation (32 types of habitats of Community importance)\r\n\r\nThe Park is home to more than 10 000 species (approx. 5500 species of invertebrates, 290 - vertebrates, 1000 - vascular plants, over 1000 - fungi, 700 - lichens, 500 - mosses etc.). Out of them as many as 1000 are endemites. The Tatras are an important centre of endemic fauna and flora, including rare relic species. There are 35 endemic species mong flowering plants alone. Examples for regional endemic species are: Erysimum wahlenbergii, Cochlearia tatrae, Pulsatilla slavica and Erigeron hungaricus. The Alpine meadows are renowned for their diversity. About 300 plant species can be found there. Various species in the Alpine environments are interpreted as glacial relicts, e.g. Ranunculus alpestris, Ranunculus glacialis, Dianthus glacialis, Gentiana frigida, Primula minima and Saxifraga aizoides. In snowbed environments Salix herbacea and Salix reticulata are characteristic. The Tatra Mountains are famous for their large predator species such as the wildcat (Felis silvestris), lynx (Lynx lynx), wolf (Canis lupus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos), which are largely extinct in other parts of Central Europe. Characteristic bird species are the Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Eurasian nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and black grouse (Tetrao tetrix). An endemic subspecies of the chamois exist in the Tatra as well (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica). 29 animal and 6 plant species are species of Community importance.\r\n\r\nThe site has code:LTER_EU_PL_017\r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1954,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"belongs to","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"Tatra Mountains Biosphere Reserve - Poland, Slovakia","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"c4bbebb0-f5e4-43c3-9cf8-6bb946e7173d"},"changed":"2023-07-26T09:35:24+0200"}]}],"siteName":"Tatra National Park","shortName":"Tatra NP","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category II \u2013 National Park","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/II"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/tatra2.jpg","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/IMG_3555.jpg","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/IMG_3605.jpg","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Gasienicowa_TPN.png","alt":"not defined"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":2.7,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1600,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"alpine","biome":"alpine","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Montane grasslands and shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Small rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate coniferous forests","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub (F2)","uri":null},{"label":"Coniferous woodland (G3)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Heathland, scrub and tundra (F)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops (H3)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats (H)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses (C2.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools (C1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Screes (H2)","uri":null},{"label":"Springs, spring brooks and geysers (C2.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface running waters (C2)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null},{"label":"Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies (H1)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"Geologically the Tatra Mountains belong to the Carpathian uplift. The interior part of the Tatra Mountains mostly consists of granite, while the exterior regions are mainly composed of calcite, dolomite, claystone and shale, displaying a variety of different bedrocks and potential environmental heterogeneity. The topography of the Tatra Mountains was substantially shaped during the past ice ages, resulting in glacial valleys and other geomorphological forms associated with glacial and peri-glacial processes (e.g. solifluction).","hydrology":"Springs and fast, turbulent mountain small rivers, oligotrophic mountain lakes, karst\/cave running waters. Few dystrophic small lakes\/ponds.","soils":"Many initial soils characteristic of alpine enviroments. Both on granite and calcite bedrock. Some clay and peat soils.","vegetation":"Altitudinal vegetation zones: lower montane belt with mixed woodland (up to 1200 m a.s.l., approx. 43% of the Park\u0027s territory) - upper montane belt with coniferous woodland (1200-1550 m a.s.l., approx. 29% of the Park\u0027s territory) - subalpine belt with dwarf mountain pine (1550-1800 m a.s.l., approx. 17,5% of the Park\u0027s territory) - alpine belt with alpine meadows\/grasslands (1800-2250 m a.s.l., approx. 10% of the Park\u0027s territory) - subnival belt with rocks with sparse vegetation (above 2250 m a.s.l., approx. 0,5% of the Park\u0027s territory)."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((19.758 49.178, 19.758 49.335, 20.135 49.335, 20.135 49.178, 19.758 49.178))","coordinates":"POINT (19.981755 49.270893)","country":["Poland"],"elevation":{"avg":1650,"min":820,"max":2499,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":21197,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":null,"scale":null},"observations":{"design":null,"scale":null},"observedProperties":[{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"landscape fragmentation","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22149"},{"label":"landscape parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20943"},{"label":"soil parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20944"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"regular car","allPartsAccessible":false,"maintenanceInterval":null,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":true,"notes":"Permanent, year-round management and accessibility (only designated trails and sites for tourists, additional special provisions for climbers, mountain skiers, as well as scientists, rescue operations, etc.). Admission fees charged. ","siteVisitInterval":null},"notes":"n\/a","collection":[{"label":"\u003E 10 beds","uri":null},{"label":"\u003E 5 places","uri":null},{"label":"Cable based","uri":null},{"label":"GMS\/UMTS","uri":null},{"label":"Graph or object database","uri":null},{"label":"Other data services","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Proprietary file format","uri":null},{"label":"Radio transmission system (repeaters, receivers, centralstation)","uri":null},{"label":"Radio transmission system (repeaters. receivers. centralstation)","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Snow clearing equipment","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial database (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Structured file","uri":null},{"label":"Telephone line","uri":null},{"label":"Unstructured file","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 2WD","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 4WD","uri":null},{"label":"Web Catalog Service (CSW)","uri":null},{"label":"Web Coverage Service (WCS)","uri":null},{"label":"Web Feature Service (WFS)","uri":null},{"label":"XML database","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/tpn.pl\/kontakt\/zalatw-sprawe\/udostepnianie-danych-przestrzennych"}],"rights":["The data provider must be offered co-authorship for publications using this dataset at least within the metadata description"],"notes":"Rules on spatial data dissemination: (1) TPN makes available only data for which it has copyrights or licence for their distribution; (2) free access may be granted to: a) scientists and\/or students conducting research on TPN territory; b) physical or legal persons carrying out non-commercial or commercial projects associated with TPN territory and whose goals\/scope are compatible with TPN mission and goals. The author is obliged to offer possibility to use the results in TPN operations. In all cases a formal data request is required and appropriate data sharing agreement signed. For commercial purposes, data are being shared upon individual cases and arrangements with the Park Director. Spatial data are disseminated in vector (shp) or raster (geotiff) format. 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