{"title":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park NEON - United States of America","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"30f887c3-135b-41e8-9f44-9b084ce2b3bd"},"type":"site","created":"2020-05-25T09:36:50+02:00","changed":"2025-09-17T14:22:42+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"NEON","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"fd9fbc88-0baa-4d02-b824-dc29f721782c"}},"siteCode":"GRSM","verified":true}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Bill Martin","email":"wmartin@battelleecology.org","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Melissa Marquez","email":"marquez@battelleecology.org","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"https:\/\/www.neonscience.org\/field-sites\/grsm"}]},"general":{"abstract":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Twin Creeks (GRSM) is a terrestrial NEON site located in the mountains of southeastern Tennessee near the North Carolina border. It is comprised of 32.7 km2 (8080 acres) within the 2108 km2 (814 sq. mi.) Great Smoky Mountains National Park. GRSM is characterized by abundant rainfall, variable elevations, and an exceptional richness of biota hosted by closed-canopy deciduous old growth forests. As one of the largest protected areas in the eastern U.S., it is the most biodiverse park in the National Park system and the most visited. GRSM is part of NEON Domain 07 - Appalachians \u0026 Cumberland Plateau, which includes eastern Tennessee, most of Kentucky, southern Ohio, and parts of North Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, and Illinois. D07 includes four other NEON field sites, including two additional terrestrial sites and two aquatic sites. GRSM is colocated with the LECO aquatic field site. ","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":2015,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"groups with","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"LeConte Creek NEON - United States of America","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"68d82455-3f56-45d3-a9c1-643f73744fef"},"changed":"2025-09-18T08:58:00+0200"}]}],"siteName":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park NEON","shortName":"GRSM","siteType":"Non-stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/48793050998_56aa9d55a2_b.jpg","alt":"View of Mt. LeConte from GRSM tower (c) Clay Howard"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":13.1,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1396,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"deciduous_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Deciduous Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Evergreen Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":null,"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"The Great Smoky Mountains belong to the Snowbird Group, a geologic unit consisting of siltstone and sandstone.","hydrology":null,"soils":"Climatic variations throughout the Great Smoky Mountains Park contribute to its diverse soil composition and chemistry. Soil parent materials consist of residuum, colluvium, and local alluvium weathered or derived from Precambrian-, Late Proterozoic- and Paleozoic-age crystalline (igneous and metasedimentary) and sedimentary rocks. Organic Horizon thickness ranges from 2-7 cm (0.75 - 2.75 in.) and notably, many fine, medium, and coarse roots were found in the surface horizons. Dominant soil series at this site are from the Spivey-Santeetlah-Nowhere complex.","vegetation":"Variations in elevation, rainfall, temperature, and geology in GRSM provide habitat for over 1600 species of flowering plants. In addition, the park is one of the largest stands of deciduous old growth forest in North America. The lower region forests are dominated by deciduous leafy trees including yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and chestnut oak (Quercus montana). Spice bush (Lindera benzoin), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) dominate the dense understory. At higher altitudes, deciduous forests give way to coniferous trees like Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri), red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Of these species, 76 plants are listed as threatened or endangered in the states of Tennessee and North Carolina. Spreading avens (Geum radiatum), Virginia spiraea (Spiraea virginiana), and rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare) are federally listed threatened and endangered species that can be found in the park."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"MULTIPOLYGON (((-83.495472948 35.56308043, -83.495040164 35.561360333, -83.493406934 35.560929084, -83.493779078 35.559281756, -83.49383887 35.557915157, -83.494823214 35.556359374, -83.497587071 35.555025715, -83.49807064 35.556313082, -83.499646278 35.558932425, -83.500823779 35.56075868, -83.502908125 35.561335476, -83.505192504 35.561211685, -83.507860918 35.561423283, -83.506979324 35.562729477, -83.504141794 35.562712167, -83.501745038 35.563353412, -83.499108142 35.56453381, -83.496555523 35.564764405, -83.495472948 35.56308043)), ((-83.462098248 35.596007228, -83.462218193 35.594204163, -83.462652906 35.592191944, -83.465209766 35.591781903, -83.467614112 35.591160289, -83.469971688 35.589941203, -83.470393832 35.588503752, -83.470963345 35.587084971, 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