{"title":"Herdade da Contenda - Portugal","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"32584752-a46b-4c48-a658-bd73bae4dc3a"},"type":"site","created":"2013-05-07T16:20:35+02:00","changed":"2023-07-25T08:59:45+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"LTER Portugal","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"d8eb4823-b707-4590-94d8-d90c1d07d6f8"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_PT_008","verified":false}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Margarida Santos-Reis","email":"mmreis@fc.ul.pt","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Margarida Santos-Reis","email":"mmreis@fc.ul.pt","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":null},"general":{"abstract":"Herdade da Contenda is one of the six research and monitoring stations of LTER-Montado, an umbrella site located in the Alentejo province in south Portugal (southwestern Iberia). The \u0022Montado\u0022 represents an unique agro-silvo-pastoral ecosystem (named \u0022dehesa\u0022 in Spain) found only in the Mediterranean basin. These savannah-like landscapes are dominated by evergreen cork and\/or holm oaks and were shaped over millennia of traditional land use practices. These multi-use forests are two-layered systems that combine, in a single space, forest harvesting, extensive livestock husbandry, pastures and\/or cereal cultivation (the most evident economical revenues), with other traditional uses (hunting, beekeeping and mushroom picking). Recently, increasing awareness arose on their benefits as biodiversity reservoirs, recreation grounds, and other ecosystem services providers, but these non-productive functions are not equally perceived and valued by users, as they tend to be conflicting with productive ones.\r\nHerdade da Contenda  is a state property located on the far western limit of the Sierra Morena, in the transition to the lowlands of Baixo Alentejo province (Moura Council). The area is limited to the east and the south by the Portuguese \u2013 Spanish border and to the north and west by several streams (Arroio, Murtig\u00e3o and Pais Joanes) tributaries of the Guadiana River (38\u00ba 01\u2019 N \u2013 7\u00b0 13\u2019W). On Northern Contenda, with relatively flat ground and moderate slopes and climate conditions closest to the semi-arid, the predominant and typical vegetation is the open holm-oak woodlands, with under-cover of pastures and cultivations used for grazing. On Central Contenda with steeper relief and slopes the soil is covered by rock-rose and\/or heather maquis, arboraceous maquis with cork-oak or holm-oak and also by young stone and maritime pine forest stands. In Southern Contenda, where the highest altitudes can be found and topography and slopes are less pronounced, the climate is sub-humid; this  is the most afforested area, dominantly covered by stone pine, maritime pine and cork oak stands.  Managed as a multiple use system, where forestry, hunting silvopastoral and protection\/conservation of natural habitats \/ flora \u0026 fauna communities are maintained roughly in the same fashion since the 1960s.  The main economic outputs are cattle and hunting. Cork was never harvested on the dominant areas of Contenda. Holm-oak tree decline is observed on silvopastoral areas. The natural regeneration of the tree stand is not uniform, and is lacking in some places because of grazing and shrub clearing. Conflicting interests arise from the livestock and game grazing component that affects the natural regeneration of holm and cork oak trees. Interventions and adjustments to promote natural regeneration and active afforestation of oaks have been included in management plans over the last 50 years. An Integral Protected Area where natural regeneration of holm and cork oaks between the natural woods and maquis is promoted was created on Central Contenda in 1963.\r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Stand-by","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10776"},"yearEstablished":2011,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"belongs to","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"LTsER-Montado - Portugal","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"ecfcc7e2-82e5-4ec1-adee-a3f9f815fc0d"},"changed":"2025-01-07T11:14:56+0100"}]}],"siteName":"Herdade da Contenda","shortName":"Montado 06_HCon","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/herdade-da-contenda-portugal_4589.png","alt":"photo credits: Pedro Pinho"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":15.9,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":729.5,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"mediterranean","biome":"deciduous_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Broadleaved evergreen woodland (G2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"Paleozoic schist complexes and quartzite crests. The site is hilly and the highest elevations correspond to rocky outcrops of schist and quartzite crests usually running along the NW-SE direction.","hydrology":"Streams and creeks flow between or spring from the quartzite crests usually running along the NW-SE direction.","soils":"The majority of eutric lithosoils derived from schist in the property can be considered in the last stages of erosional degradation","vegetation":"Holm oak (Quercus ilex)woodland"},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((-7.0756853063096 38.03230692554, -7.0760806714947 38.03244878097, -7.0761713440316 38.032776495818, -7.0760711788382 38.033110040706, -7.0759227162319 38.03348590021, -7.0760617941574 38.033763757481, -7.0764450621655 38.033641468018, -7.0769074396544 38.033545033431, -7.0773544624679 38.03341073999, -7.0778002224409 38.033364445209, -7.078147374304 38.033543580715, -7.0784291498199 38.033847860378, -7.078761131186 38.033976565741, -7.079332789438 38.034019404598, -7.0796004759971 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