{"title":"Global Change Observatory of Picos de Europa Socio-Ecosystems - Spain","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"642846aa-ac83-4faa-a18b-8832d379e458"},"type":"site","created":"2023-03-22T18:21:38+01:00","changed":"2025-12-10T08:35:51+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Spain","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"2b70f1fb-f7d9-4615-a1a3-33fc6fa44600"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"Birds Directive (2009\/147\/EC)","uri":null},{"label":"LIFEPLAN","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/856506"},{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"Site of Community Importance (SCI) of Habitat Directive","uri":null},{"label":"Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) of Habitat Directive","uri":null},{"label":"Water Framework Directive (2000\/60\/EC)","uri":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/water\/water-framework\/index_en.html"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Pepe Barqu\u00edn Ortiz","email":"barquinj@unican.es","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria","url":"https:\/\/ihcantabria.com\/","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria","url":"https:\/\/ihcantabria.com\/","ror":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Web of the Picos de Europa National Park","value":"https:\/\/parquenacionalpicoseuropa.es\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Picos de Europa socio-ecosystem research platform (LTSER-Picos de Europa) comprises the catchment areas of the Sella (1,284 km\u00b2, average annual Q 30 m3\/s) and Deva-Cares (1,187 km\u00b2, average annual Q 40 m3\/s) rivers that drain the Cantabrian Mountains towards the Cantabrian Sea. The Picos de Europa National Park is located in this area and it was the first National Park declared in Spain (1918). The LTSER-Picos de Europa has a maximum altitude of 2,648 m (Torres Cerredo). The average annual temperature varies between 6\u00baC (mountainous areas) and 15\u00baC (coast), while the average annual rainfall varies between 800 mm (Li\u00e9bana, Cantabria) and 3,000 mm. It is dominated by broadleaf forests \u003Egrasslands\u003Eshrublands\u003Erocky areas and contains the bio-climatic floors: Hill (0-700 m, crops and eucalyptus), Montane (500-1,100 m, oak and beech) and Subalpine (\u003E1,100 m, birch, mountain pasture and cryosphere). It is a very interesting biogeographical area as it represents the convergence between the Mediterranean and Atlantic biomes. LTSER-Picos de Europa contains 5 SPAs and 9 SACs (Habitats Directive), where 40 habitats and 80 species of Community Importance have been described. The Picos de Europa National Park is practically the only populated National Park in Spain (20 towns; 1,100 inhabitants), although without large urban centres. LTSER-Picos de Europa contains a great deal of reprensentativity of the rural space of the Cantabrian Mountains. Human activities range from the production of hydroelectric energy, to different activities of the agro-livestock sector, tourism and other services.\r\n\r\nThe history of the LTSER-Picos de Europa is very recent, however, many interdisciplinary teams and national and international researches have been investigating in the area for more than half a century. The main objective of the LTSER-Picos de Europa is to improve our knowledge of the effects of global change on mountain socio-ecosystems. Our more specific objectives are: (1) to Identify mountain socio-ecological dynamics and patterns at large temporal and different spatial scales, (2) identify the main factors of global change that govern these dynamics and patterns, (3) determine the main relationships between the different components that make up mountain socio-ecosystems and (4) predict and model the future responses of the studied components under different scenarios of global change.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":2023,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Global Change Observatory of Picos de Europa Socio-Ecosystems","shortName":"LTSER-Picos de Europa","siteType":"Platform","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category II \u2013 National Park","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/II"},{"label":"Category IV \u2013 Habitat\/Species Management Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/IV"},{"label":"Category VI \u2013 Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/VI"}],"landUse":[{"label":"accommodation and food services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_1_3_AccommodationAndFoodServices"},{"label":"agricultural production for own consumption","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_1_3_AgriculturalProductionForOwnConsumption"},{"label":"agriculture","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_1_Agriculture"},{"label":"commercial agricultural production","uri":"http:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_1_1_CommercialAgriculturalProduction"},{"label":"commercial services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_1_CommercialServices"},{"label":"community services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_CommunityServices"},{"label":"cultural entertainment and recreational services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_CulturalEntertainmentAndRecreationalServices"},{"label":"cultural services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_1_CulturalServices"},{"label":"educational services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_2_EducationalServices"},{"label":"electricity gas and thermal power distribution services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_3_1_ElectricityGasAndThermalPowerDistributionServices"},{"label":"energy production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/2_4_EnergyProduction"},{"label":"entertainment services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_2_EntertainmentServices"},{"label":"farming infrastructure","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_1_2_FarmingInfrastructure"},{"label":"forestry","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_2_Forestry"},{"label":"forestry based on intermediate or long rotation","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_2_2_ForestryBasedOnIntermediateOrLongRotation"},{"label":"health and social services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_3_HealthAndSocialServices"},{"label":"hunting","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_5_1_Hunting"},{"label":"light end product industry","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/2_3_LightEndProductIndustry"},{"label":"open air recreational areas","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_4_OpenAirRecreationalAreas"},{"label":"other commercial services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_1_4_OtherCommercialServices"},{"label":"other community services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_5_OtherCommunityServices"},{"label":"other primary production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_5_OtherPrimaryProduction"},{"label":"other recreational services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_5_OtherRecreationalServices"},{"label":"primary production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/1_PrimaryProduction"},{"label":"religious services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_4_ReligiousServices"},{"label":"renewable energy production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/2_4_4_RenewableEnergyProduction"},{"label":"residential use","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/5_ResidentialUse"},{"label":"residential use with other compatible uses","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/5_2_ResidentialUseWithOtherCompatibleUses"},{"label":"road transport","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_1_1_RoadTransport"},{"label":"secondary production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/2_SecondaryProduction"},{"label":"sports infrastructure","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_3_SportsInfrastructure"},{"label":"tertiary production","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_TertiaryProduction"},{"label":"transport networks","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_1_TransportNetworks"},{"label":"transport networks logistics and utilities","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_TransportNetworksLogisticsAndUtilities"},{"label":"utilities","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_3_Utilities"},{"label":"waste treatment","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_3_3_WasteTreatment"},{"label":"water and sewage infrastructure","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/4_3_2_WaterAndSewageInfrastructure"}],"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4038.JPG","alt":"Forest, pastures and rock formations in Vegaba\u00f1o in the most occidental massif of Picos de Europa"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_3993.JPG","alt":"Large woody debris accumulated on a vegetated sediment bar in the confluence of the Deva and Cares River."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4138.JPG","alt":"Cattle concentration around water troughs is common during the summer months in pasture areas such as Amuesa."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4191.JPG","alt":"Hydroelectric production and fishways try to meet energetic societal demands and Atlantic salmon and Brown trout conservation."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4201.JPG","alt":"The Cimero lake during the summer season"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4212.JPG","alt":"eDNA methodologies have been incorporated in the routine surveys on lake and river habitats"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4250.JPG","alt":"Extensive cattle grazing is a common practice in the Cordillera Cantabrica, as it is in Puertos de Aliva from spring to the autumn months"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4372.JPG","alt":"Small lakes are a rare feature of the Picos de Europa landscape, but they are keystone habitats for amphibians and many other species."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4378.JPG","alt":"The mountain landscape of Picos de Europa is heavily shaped by rural activities, pastures, shrubs and young and mature forests are drained by multiple freshwater springs, wetlands and streams"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_4396.JPG","alt":"Conservation measures on water bodies in Picos de Europa, exclude cattle from accessing sensible areas"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_6088.JPG","alt":"Snow cover in the upper parts of the Picos de Europa karst control water levels in wetlands, lakes and rivers"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_6089.JPG","alt":"Picos de Europa harbours important populations of brown bear, wolves and many other relevant large vertebrates"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_20210512_193415_1.jpg","alt":"Forest rewilding is an active process in many parts of the Cordillera Cantabrica as a result of land use changes"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_20210514_140524_0.jpg","alt":"Surveying Cimero lake in spring"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/IMG_20220919_170111_5.jpg","alt":"Wetlands and small ponds are a widespread aquatic habitat across the Picos de Europa with different levels of conservation status in relation to human activities"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":12.9,"monthlyAverage":[6.5,7.5,9.5,11.5,14.5,18.5,19.5,19.5,17.5,13.5,9.5,7.5],"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1132,"monthlyAverage":[142,118,109,82,72,59,38,50,65,107,155,135],"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"biogeographicalRegion":"atlantic","biome":"alpine","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Deciduous Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Large river headwaters","uri":null},{"label":"Montane grasslands and shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Small rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland (E4.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands (E4)","uri":null},{"label":"Beech woodland (G1.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved deciduous woodland (G1)","uri":null},{"label":"Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland (E4.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland (E3.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland (E3.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant alder, birch, poplar or willow (G1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Seasonally wet and wet grasslands (E3)","uri":null},{"label":"Vegetated snow-patch (E4.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":[{"label":"Basin","uri":null},{"label":"Canyon","uri":null},{"label":"Hill","uri":null},{"label":"Lake","uri":null},{"label":"Mountain","uri":null},{"label":"River","uri":null},{"label":"Valley","uri":null}],"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes","Fresh water rivers","Terrestrial"],"geology":"The Sella and Deva-Cares river basins are located in northern Spain and drain part of the Cantabrian Mountains, flowing into the Cantabrian Sea. The Cantabrian Mountains are a 400 km long mountain range that extends from west to east, parallel to Spain\u2019s northern coastline, between the autonomous communities of Galicia and the Basque Country. The Picos de Europa National Park, located in the heart of this range, covers an area of 66,030 hectares, extending across the provinces of Asturias (west; 27,477 ha), Cantabria (east; 14,973 ha), and Le\u00f3n (south; 23,580 ha). The Cantabrian Mountains originated during the Alpine orogeny and are flanked to the south by the synorogenic basins of the Duero and Ebro rivers, and to the north by the Cantabrian Sea (Atlantic Ocean). Within the Cantabrian Mountains, three sectors can be distinguished: 1) Basque-Cantabrian Sector, in the easternmost area. It features thick Mesozoic sequences and generally does not exceed 1,500 meters in elevation, 2) Asturian Massif, in the central part of the range. Its highest elevation reaches 2,648 meters (Torrecerredo Peak). In this sector, the Mesozoic cover has undergone intense erosion, exposing a Paleozoic basement uplifted during the Alpine deformation. The Picos de Europa National Park is located in this massif and 3) Western Sector, which has lower elevations and lacks Mesozoic sediments. Alpine deformation is recorded here by some Tertiary basins bounded by faults.","hydrology":"Within the Asturian Massif lie the basins of the Sella and Deva-Cares rivers, whose headwaters originate in the upper areas of the Cantabrian Mountains. After a short course, these rivers flow into the Cantabrian Sea, resulting in rivers with very steep gradients. The Sella River basin has a drainage area of 1,284 km\u00b2. Its main tributary is the Pilo\u00f1a River, with a basin area of 509 km\u00b2. The Sella River is 66 km long and has an average annual discharge of approximately 30 m\u00b3\/s at its mouth. On the other hand, the Cares River flows into the Deva River, joining it in the lower part of the basin with an average annual discharge of 22 m\u00b3\/s. The Cares River is 55 km long and has a basin area of 534 km\u00b2. The Deva River is 72 km long, with a basin area of 644 km\u00b2, and has an average annual discharge of 18 m\u00b3\/s upstream of the Cares confluence. Therefore, the combined average annual discharge of the Deva-Cares basin before reaching the Cantabrian Sea is approximately 40 m\u00b3\/s.","soils":"The soils in the Sella and Deva-Cares river basins are largely shaped by the region\u2019s mountainous terrain, humid climate, and varied geology. Most soils are acidic, with low to moderate fertility, due to high rainfall and intense leaching. In higher elevations, shallow, stony soils predominate, often classified as Leptosols or Cambisols, developed over Paleozoic rocks like slates, quartzites, and limestones. These soils tend to have poor organic matter retention and are vulnerable to erosion on steep slopes. In valley bottoms and lower altitudes, more developed soils such as Luvisols or Umbrisols may appear, with greater organic content and better structure, supporting mixed deciduous forests and pastures. The soil texture varies from loamy to silty-clay, and water retention is generally good in flatter areas, but drainage can be limited in compacted or clay-rich zones. Land use, especially agriculture and forestry (e.g., eucalyptus plantations), has modified natural soil profiles in colline areas, contributing to compaction and nutrient depletion in some sectors.","vegetation":"The potential natural vegetation of this area corresponds to a mixed deciduous forest. The most common tree species are characteristic of the Cantabrian-Atlantic phytogeographic province (Euro-Siberian region): beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus robur), chestnut (Castanea sativa), elm (Ulmus spp.), hazel (Corylus avellana), and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Vegetation formations are distributed in altitudinal belts (bioclimatic zones) depending on climatic conditions, slope orientation, and soil characteristics. The main zones in this area are the colline, montane, and subalpine belts: 1) Colline zone: Ranging from the coastal strip up to 700 meters in elevation. This zone includes cultivated lands and eucalyptus plantations (Eucalyptus globulus), while natural forests have been significantly reduced due to human activity, 2) Montane zone: Located between 500 and 1,100 meters above sea level. This is where native forests of oak (Q. robur) and beech (F. sylvatica) are found. Oak forests are mostly found on sunny, south-facing slopes and are characterized by a very diverse understory due to high light penetration. In contrast, beech forests tend to grow on shady slopes, forming monodominant stands with sparse understory, due to both the north-facing orientation and the dense canopy, which blocks light from reaching the forest floor. This zone also includes successional stages such as meadows, shrublands, and heathlands and 3) Subalpine zone: Above the montane zone, birch trees (Betula alba) dominate the highest forest formations. From about 1,600 meters upward, the vegetation is primarily composed of low-growing plants, with legumes and grasses forming the so-called mountain pastures."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((-5.127701582 43.484736967, -5.1289373729999 43.484713962, -5.13258142 43.482845231, -5.127543642 43.480237855, -5.121207651 43.475853541, -5.118673517 43.474099703, -5.112307459 43.468815028, -5.107146644 43.462607378, -5.108288172 43.459885096, -5.117950643 43.45340362, -5.119028665 43.448881579, -5.120200859 43.447059016, -5.123874464 43.446090429, -5.132519513 43.445929514, -5.137364445 43.443137805, -5.137301078 43.441338149, -5.1347046849999 43.437784978, -5.132171808 43.436031402, -5.130905419 43.43515459, -5.128435856 43.435200588, -5.127074972 43.431624234, -5.126980418 43.42892474, -5.130589684 43.426156281, -5.133027294 43.425210415, -5.139200188 43.425095091, -5.139231881 43.425994916, -5.147874006 43.425832898, -5.1490767529999 43.42490988, -5.158665417 43.416625456, -5.172211438 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