{"title":"Ramat Hanadiv (RHD) - Israel","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"72f45e87-4e2d-4ea2-8bc9-4ddfac67a2a7"},"type":"site","created":"2013-12-02T18:57:18+01:00","changed":"2025-05-05T14:02:10+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Israel","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"e0f680c2-22b1-4424-bf54-58aa9b7476a0"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_IL_013","verified":true}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Liat Hadar","email":"Liat@ramathanadiv.org.il","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Liat Hadar","email":"Liat@ramathanadiv.org.il","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/www.ramathanadiv.org.il"},{"title":"LTER - ISRAEL","value":"http:\/\/lter-israel.org.il\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"In September 1993, Ramat Hanadiv inaugurated the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) station as part of the global and Israel LTER network. One of the main areas of activity at the station is a long-term monitoring program. \r\nThe long-term monitoring program includes continuous monitoring of several parameters and organisms as determined in advance: Gazelles, chukars, passerines, butterflies, herbaceous vegetation, and woody vegetation. A meteorological station has been established in the park to collect climactic data. The information is gathered and stored in a web-based database providing baseline data that can serve in the future as a point of reference. Our aspiration is that the combination of monitoring and management will in the long term enable the conservation and enrichment of the diversity of species, communities, landscapes, and processes of the Mediterranean landscape. \r\nIn addition to the activities of the LTER station, Ramat Hanadiv is also implementing dozens of studies focusing on a wide range of fields. These studies are carried out by students and researchers from universities throughout Israel.\r\nIn the Israeli context Ramat Hanadiv is a unique case of a natural area that is actively managed, intensively studied and mapped on all levels. As such, it cam serve as an example of nature conservation and management of Mediterranean ecosystems in Israel.\r\n ","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1997,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"contains","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"Ramat Hanadiv LTSER Platform - Israel","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"93c1f7c3-a24b-4c3d-8875-4c7a17221293"},"changed":"2025-05-05T09:29:12+0200"}]}],"siteName":"Ramat Hanadiv (RHD)","shortName":"Ramat Hanadiv","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ramat-hanadiv-rhd-israel_4620.jpg","alt":"Ramat Hanadiv"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ramat-hanadiv-rhd-israel_4621.jpg","alt":"Ramat Hanadiv"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":19,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":600,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"chaparral","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Broadleaved evergreen woodland (G2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland (G4.E)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"Ramat Hanadiv is located at the southern end of Mount Carmel, south of Zikhron Ya?acov, at an elevation of about 120 metres above sea level. The edge of the Southern Carmel, which is mainly composed of hard, stratified rock, is positioned above the coastal plane, in contrast to the mild topography of its surroundings.\r\n \r\nThe rocks of Mount Carmel are mainly dolomites, limestones, chalk, and marls from the Albian-Turonian Judea Group. \r\nLateral facies changes and extensive volcanics are typical to this Carmel section.\r\n \r\n \r\nAt Ramat Hanadiv, three formations have been mapped:\r\n?Zichron formation?: dolomite and dolomitised barrier reef\r\n?Shefeya volcanics?: volcanic, marly tuff\r\n?Shune formation?: dolomite, limestone\r\n \r\nEast and south of Ramat Hanadiv, the Judea Group is uncomformably overlaid by chalk and marl from the \r\nSenonian ? Eocene ?Mt. Scopus? and ?Avdat? Groups. \r\nWest of Ramat Hanadiv, the Judea Group dolomite and limestones are uncomformably overlaid by the Pleistocene calcitic sandstone of the ?Kurkar? group.\r\n \r\nThe Southern Carmel ridge is a north-south directed anticline of which only the eastern side is exposed.\r\n \r\nTwo main fault systems are known in the area:\r\n? Ramat Hanadiv faults are north-south, mainly left, lateral strike slip faults, which direct structural erosion depressions.\r\n? Binyamina-Or Akiva faults are deep buried east-west normal faults, south of Ramat Hanadiv.\r\n \r\nRamat Hanadiv is located near the Timsach Springs, the major karstic outlet of a regional aquifer of the Judea group. A local, seasonal spring, Ein Tzur, is located in Ramat Hanadiv and is a result of local lithology and structure. A marly tuff layer stops the fast vertical drainage of rain and irrigation water from Hanadiv Gardens. The down slope flow comes to the surface as the tuff crops out at Ein Tzur. The present morphology and topography of Ramat Hanadiv is a result of Neogene and Pleistocene lift up and different erosion processes. The western cliff and elevated Ramat Hanadiv plain are products of pleocoastal abrasion. The mild eastern slope was formed by preferred surface and channel erosion of soft chalk and marl of the ?Mount Scopus? and ?Avdat? groups. Karst erosion is the major recent geomorphic process.","hydrology":"There is one natural spring in Ramat Hanadiv - Ein Tzur - which discharges water at an average of 25 cubic metres (5,500 gallons) per day, with seasonal fluctuations.\r\nRamat Hanadiv is within the Mediterranean climate range. The annual average rainfall is about 500-600 mm (20-24 in.), increasing towards the north east. Most rainfall (90%) occurs between November and February. The average humidity is 69%.\r\n","soils":"The soil survey of Ramat Hanadiv aims to provide detailed information on the characteristics of the various soil units found in the area, to map the spatial distribution of each soil type and to propose recommendations for future land-use and development policy.\r\n \r\nA correlation was found between the nature of the area in terms of parent rock, regional physiographic structure, developing soil and the natural vegetation on one hand, and the land-use practised in this area, on the other.\r\n \r\nThis report presents a map of the geographic-topographic and landscape units of Ramat Hanadiv, as well as maps of the natural vegetation units and land-use categories. An analysis of these maps exemplifies the correlation mentioned above.\r\n \r\nThe principal factor determining soil development at Ramat Hanadiv is the parent rock: dolomite of the ?Zichron formation?, volcanic marly tuff (?Shefeya formation?) and dolomite and limestone of the ?Shune formation?, all of the Albian-Turonian Judea Group.\r\n \r\nThe eight soil units most common in the Ramat Hanadiv region were defined, mapped and described in this work. Each unit is described in the most detailed form, defined in the Israeli Soil Classification as ?soil type?. The division of the area into soil units is based on morphological characteristics, diagnostic horizons, specific features, processes of soil evolution and correlation with parent material, physiography and environmental conditions.\r\n \r\n \r\nThe soil units of Ramat Hanadiv:\r\n \r\n1-sh ? Brown-red Terra Rossa - shallow, little or no lime, vertical structure includes layers. A (upper most) and R \r\n(parent rock) or ABR. This soil is developed on hard limestone or dolomite (?Shune formation?)\r\n2-z ? Brown-red to reddish Terra Rossa - shallow, no lime, vertical structure includes layers AR of ABR on dolomite (?Zichron formation?)\r\n2 ? Dark rendzina - dark brown, shallow, low lime content, includes small stones and ABR layers on limestone of reef origin (?Shune formation?)\r\n3 ? Light rendzina - brown-grey, shallow, low to high lime content, ABCR layers on marly tuff\r\n4 ? Soil of colluvial-alluvial origin - brown-grey, moderate lime content, moderate depth, layers ABCR on tuff and marly tuff. Found in the broad tuff valleys\r\n5 ? Grumosol - high content of clay, dark brown, deep soil, developed slicken-sides at depth, layers ABBt, low to moderate lime content. Found in the valleys\r\n6 ? Hydromorphic soil - high clay content, brown-grey, contains lime, disturbed drainage. Found near the Ein Tzur spring\r\n7 ? Anthropomorphic soil - disturbed, stony, moderate lime content, changing vertical structure and soil features. Soil characteristics are affected by human activity. Found around the archaeological sites of Mansur el ?Aqub and Hirbet Umm \r\nel-Aleq.","vegetation":"The typical vegetation formation at Ramat Hanadiv is Mediterranean garrigue dominated by low or mid-size shrubs such as Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Calicotome villosa, and by the dwarf shrub Sarcopoterium spinosum. Between the shrub clumps are exposed rock or shallow soil patches covered by diverse herbaceous vegetation. There are differences in vegetation density and degree of development, which can be explained by the water regime and the rock-soil formations, as well as by land use history. \r\n \r\nOne of the characteristic traits of the rock-soil foundation at Ramat Hanadiv are the exposures of marly tuff that create the inner valleys, ?tuff terraces? on the western escarpment, and wadis that cut into the marly tuff and the central tuff valley. It seems that these areas were once farmed so that none of the natural woodland survived. Today this area is dominated by herbaceous vegetation, along with large isolated trees, planted conifer stands; a portion has undergone scenic restoration and transformed to orchards or agricultural fields. \r\n \r\nThe eastern Ramat Hanadiv foothills are moderate and their soil is relatively deep. The typical vegetation in this area is open woodland with Carob Trees and shrubs accompanied by abundant herbaceous vegetation and grasses (Gramineae). \r\n \r\nThe herbaceous vegetation in the woodlands and garrigue appears in patches between the shrubs and rocks and is rich in species (42 species on a 5m2 or 55 ft2 plot; Hadar 1996) with diverse life-forms. The Ramat Hanadiv plant list includes 617 species (of a total of 2388 species in Israel). \r\n \r\nForty-two plant species which grow in the Park are considered ?rare? according to Israeli standards (comprising 4.85% of all Israeli rare species); 35 of them are endemic and six are ?red? species according to the IUCN. Another species of special interest which grows in the Park is wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. \r\n \r\nIn May 1980, a great wildfire broke out north of Ramat Hanadiv and destroyed considerable parts of the Park (about 25% of the Park area). The vegetation recovered and the woodland closed up rapidly in the early years following the fire, and continues to do so today, albeit at a slower rate. The fire demonstrated the latent dangers in the Mediterranean vegetation landscape in arid areas, as grassy patches dry up as summer approaches and become the wick for the flames fed by the woody vegetation. \r\n \r\nIn conclusion, Ramat Hanadiv\u0027s vegetation is a reflection of the vegetation in Israel as a whole. On one hand, there is the ?natural? vegetation formation that survived through thousands of years of disturbance and human intervention and is now at the stage of recovery and rehabilitation. On the other hand, this recovery leads to woody vegetation taking over open areas and suppressing herbaceous species that have higher species diversity. This picture is made even more complex by the addition of plantings, some exotic species and some local rapidly dispersing species (such as Aleppo pine - Pinus halepensis) which rapidly establish themselves in the ?natural? environment. This is further complicated by the use of fire and grazing as management methods (grazing was reintroduced into the Park in the early 1990s as part of the fire-prevention management programme)."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((34.938438316446 32.559990912458, 34.941249973012 32.559829799165, 34.941760965915 32.560249686841, 34.943905517939 32.560685779562, 34.943907698452 32.560679583784, 34.94524019523 32.560910026927, 34.946798113713 32.56126434174, 34.947230995981 32.561798940091, 34.949712047519 32.561371162959, 34.950525103854 32.561201479557, 34.950601448631 32.560559714372, 34.950690701999 32.560591454285, 34.950850445839 32.560582760323, 34.951000688138 32.560580245493, 34.951157156214 32.560553508119, 34.951322265043 32.560530171248, 34.951468322856 32.560477488665, 34.951621855443 32.560429328701, 34.951782748288 32.560366532027, 34.951942646367 32.56030260418, 34.952103676471 32.560249950936, 34.952267738959 32.560184342093, 34.952429814196 32.560115346658, 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