{"title":"Lago Paione Superiore - Italy","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"7e5837a9-ee27-4e27-822a-f50e5217c313"},"type":"site","created":"2013-05-14T11:05:39+02:00","changed":"2025-01-07T11:14:56+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Italia (Italy)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"7fef6b73-e5cb-4cd2-b438-ed32eb1504b3"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_IT_089","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"ICP Waters","uri":null}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Michela Rogora","email":"michela.rogora@cnr.it","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"CNR - Water Research Institute (IRSA)","url":"http:\/\/www.irsa.cnr.it","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02db0kh50"}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Michela Rogora","email":"michela.rogora@cnr.it","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":[{"type":"organisation","name":"CNR - Water Research Institute (IRSA)","url":"http:\/\/www.irsa.cnr.it","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02db0kh50"}],"siteUrl":[{"title":"CNR IRSA Verbania website","value":"https:\/\/www.irsa.cnr.it\/"},{"title":"CNR IRSA Hydrochemical lab","value":"http:\/\/www.idrolab.irsa.cnr.it\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"Lake Paione Superiore is a high altitude Alpine lake, located at 2269 m a.s.l. in the Bognanco Valley, Province of Verbania, Piedmont Region, Italy. It has a surface area of 0.68 ha and a maximum depth of 11.5 m. It is included in the monitoring sites of the UN-ECE Program ICP WATERS (International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes) funded in Italy by Ministry of the Environment and for which the CNR Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA) is the National Focal Centre for Italy. The lake has been studied since the late 1970s in the framework of research on the effect of acid deposition on chemistry and biology of sensitive lakes. At present meteorological data are collected continuously by an automatic weather station (AWS) located on the shore of the lake. Chemical data are available since 1978 and are still collected on a regular basis (annual or biennial frequency): pH, conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, major anions (sulphate, nitrate, chloride) and cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), reactive and total phosphorus, reactive silica, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, main trace elements (included heavy metals). Three samples are collected on the water column at the deepest point of the lake. Winter or spring samplings are performed occasionally. Available biological data include phytoplankton, zoo plankton and benthos taxonomic composition, population dynamics of the main species and, limited to 2000-2001, bacteria, epilithic diatoms, and paleolimnological data.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1978,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"belongs to","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"IT09-Mountain Lakes - Italy","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"3f0267f2-e67e-443f-b89d-d2c5dcfce1c9"},"changed":"2023-07-25T11:23:06+0200"}]}],"siteName":"Lago Paione Superiore","shortName":"IT09-004-A","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-10\/Lake%20Paione%20Superiore_IT03.JPG","alt":"Lake Paione Superiore"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":1.8,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":2000,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"alpine","biome":"freshwater_lakes","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes"],"geology":"Granitic rocks (para and orthogneiss)","hydrology":"No systematic measurements of lake inflow and outflow","soils":"Rankers, Brunified soils","vegetation":"Alpine meadows"},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((8.190351 46.176061, 8.190495 46.175946, 8.190442 46.175883, 8.19005 46.175972, 8.189975 46.175912, 8.189819 46.175872, 8.189921 46.175723, 8.1899 46.175574, 8.190377 46.175456, 8.19078 46.17527, 8.19101 46.175129, 8.191364 46.175002, 8.1916 46.175173, 8.191681 46.175385, 8.19174 46.175816, 8.191627 46.176076, 8.191595 46.176273, 8.191321 46.176436, 8.191305 46.176533, 8.191096 46.176652, 8.190876 46.176644, 8.190608 46.176588, 8.190667 46.176458, 8.190828 46.176366, 8.190774 46.176247, 8.190844 46.176146, 8.190817 46.17612, 8.190646 46.176106, 8.190549 46.176153, 8.190351 46.176061))","coordinates":"POINT (8.191037 46.175611)","country":["Italy"],"elevation":{"avg":2269,"min":2002,"max":2269,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":0.68,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"partly experimentation","scale":"catchment scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"entire catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"acid neutralising capacity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10310"},{"label":"agricultural parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20936"},{"label":"air humidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22032"},{"label":"air temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22035"},{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"conductivity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22089"},{"label":"dissolved organic carbon in water","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10307"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"incoming radiation intensity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22134"},{"label":"nitrogen content","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22174"},{"label":"precipitation intensity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22204"},{"label":"total organic carbon","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22297"},{"label":"water acidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22030"},{"label":"water alkalinity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10303"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"},{"label":"water quality","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22312"},{"label":"water temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22313"},{"label":"water transparency","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10392"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":false,"accessType":"dirt road  (4WD)","allPartsAccessible":false,"maintenanceInterval":null,"permanentPowerSupply":false,"operation":{"permanent":false,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":200},"notes":null,"collection":[{"label":"No within site data transmission","uri":null},{"label":"Radio transmission system (repeaters. receivers. centralstation)","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["Co-authorship on publications resulting from use of the 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