{"title":"Lago Piramide Inferiore - Nepal","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"81535ac1-1401-495e-a786-17be3a95f1c6"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T18:58:59+01:00","changed":"2024-05-08T14:54:15+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Italia (Italy)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"7fef6b73-e5cb-4cd2-b438-ed32eb1504b3"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_IT_054","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"ABC - UNEP atmospheric brown Cloud project","uri":"https:\/\/www.sei.org\/projects-and-tools\/projects\/atmospheric-brown-cloud-abc\/"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrea Lami","email":"andrea.lami@irsa.cnr.it","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrea Lami","email":"andrea.lami@irsa.cnr.it","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Geonetwork EvK2","value":"http:\/\/geonetwork.evk2cnr.org\/webapp\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The lake is located in the Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), Nepal. SNP is situated in the Solu-Khumbu district, in the north-eastern\r\nregion of Nepal and represents the northernmost part of the Dudh Koshi River Basin, which is part of the Koshi River Basin (or SaptaKoshi Basin), one of the seven major hydrographic basins into which Nepal is subdivided. The SNP covers an area of 1141 km2 and is surrounded on all sides by the highest mountain ranges on Earth. The terrain is extremely irregular, with altitudes that reach 8848 m. The lower topographic limit of permanent snow cover is located at an altitude of 5500\u20135600 m. The climate of the SNP is driven by the Asian monsoon.\r\nThe lake bedrock is mainly Late Tertiary Granites, with a primarily quartz\u2013silicate composition and a low weathering rate. Soils are absent or very thin in most of the catchments. Vegetation cover is restricted to small areas of alpine meadow. The lake surface area is 0.017 km2. The lake lies above 5000 m a.s.l., the tree line limit. The lake is fed by the outflowing water of an upper lake (lake Piramide Superiore) and indirectly by a small glacier located in the catchment of the upper lake. The lake is  ice-covered for ca. 9\u201310 months every year (from October\u2013November to June\u2013July).Chlorophyll a concentrations are below 1 lg l-1 and are probably controlled by strong grazing pressure from a large pigmented (keto-carotenoid of astaxanthin type) zooplankton community. Total phosphorus concentrations (mean values) are at 3 \u00b5g P l-1, whereas total nitrate concentrations are about 100 \u00b5g N l-1. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are very low.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1992,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"belongs to","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"IT11-Himalayan Lakes - Nepal","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"53c835b3-9ecb-4613-9b96-6b36356e83a8"},"changed":"2023-07-25T15:01:24+0200"}]}],"siteName":"Lago Piramide Inferiore","shortName":"IT11-002-A","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/LCN_10%2520c.JPG","alt":"not defined"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":-2.5,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":520,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"freshwater_lakes","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes"],"geology":"Late Tertiary Granites, with a primarily quartz?silicate composition and a low weathering rate","hydrology":"The lake is fed by the outflowing water of an upper lake (Lake Piramide Superiore) and indirectly by a small glacier located in the catchment of the upper lake.","soils":"Absent or very thin in most of the catchments","vegetation":"Small areas of alpine meadow composed of Leontopodium monocephalum, Potentilla fruticosa, Stellaria decumbens, Anaphalis cavei and A. xylorhiza. The area is characterized by patches of low brush dominated by Rhododendron anthopogon, R. setosum, R. nivale and a spotted with dwarf form of Juniperus"},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((86.811950836482 27.963260548152, 86.811763509799 27.963517479456, 86.811662635211 27.963718889219, 86.811656989412 27.963874078599, 86.811674672725 27.964099005897, 86.811767507117 27.964201162257, 86.81206757256 27.964150614954, 86.812480210462 27.963820405398, 86.812758853018 27.963543886273, 86.812971289335 27.963387086043, 86.813118782891 27.963164398223, 86.813152614841 27.962951431935, 86.81313094268 27.962768719052, 86.813094980595 27.962642649514, 86.812921748127 27.962553305067, 86.812872547001 27.962456771506, 86.812736953438 27.962407637663, 86.812552685263 27.962462913226, 86.812441429007 27.962644094038, 86.812379433588 27.962748471498, 86.81225971065 27.962964248688, 86.811950836482 27.963260548152))","coordinates":"POINT (86.812424 27.963143)","country":["Nepal"],"elevation":{"avg":5067,"min":5067,"max":5067,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":1.55,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"partly experimentation","scale":"catchment scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"entire catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"dirt road  (4WD)","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":30,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":false,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":200},"notes":"High altitude research laboratory Pyramid, managed by EVK2-CNR","collection":[{"label":"Other data services","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["The opportunity to collaborate on the project using the dataset"],"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Regular Site"}}}}