{"title":"Esthwaite Water - United Kingdom","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"892c8613-4a21-40b5-a2e9-1036c63ca31f"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T18:56:02+01:00","changed":"2023-07-28T11:11:19+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"UK ECN","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"a197664f-569e-4df6-933a-86de676dbfc5"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_UK_005","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Heidrun Feuchtmayr","email":null,"orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (UKCEH)","url":"https:\/\/www.ceh.ac.uk\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pggkr55"}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Andrew Sier [Primary ECN contact]","email":"arjs@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Mitzi De Ville  [INACTIVE]","email":"mdv@ceh.ac.uk","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"ECN website","value":"https:\/\/ecn.ac.uk\/"},{"title":"Esthwaite Water on UK Lakes Portal","value":"https:\/\/eip.ceh.ac.uk\/apps\/lakes\/detail.html?wbid=29328"}]},"general":{"abstract":"UK ECN Site. Esthwaite Water is a natural lake situated in a glacial valley and is generally agreed to be the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. It lies approximately 65 m above sea level and has an area of 1 km2 and a maximum depth of 15.5 m. The average retention time is 90 days. The catchment area is 17.1 km 2 and the hills are composed geologically of Bannisdale slates and grits. The surrounding land is used chiefly for agricultural purposes and forestry. The lake is a grade 1 Site of Special Scientific Interest and has been a designated \u0022Ramsar\u0022 site since November 1991. The diverse aquatic invertebrate fauna includes a number of species with restricted distributions in Britain, one of which is the flatworm, Bdellocephala punctata. The slender naiad, Najas flexilis, which is listed as Nationally Scarce, has been found in Esthwaite Tarn. Artificial enrichment of the lake occurs by input from the Hawkshead Sewage Treatment Works (which has operated a continuous programme of phosphate stripping since 1989) and originally from effluents from the fish farm which used to be situated towards the south of the lake. The lake undergoes summer stratification with oxygen depletion regularly below 7 m and sometimes as shallow as 5 m. The phytoplankton tends to be dominated by diatoms in spring and by cyanobacteria for much of the summer.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1994,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Esthwaite Water","shortName":"L05","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category IV \u2013 Habitat\/Species Management Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/IV"},{"label":"Category V \u2013 Protected Landscape\/Seascape\/Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/V"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/1.11.2006_Esthwaite_E_view.JPG","alt":"Esthwaite Water"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2008%25205%252028%2520Esthwaite%2520from%2520Dale%2520Park%2520a.JPG","alt":"Esthwaite Water from a distance"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2010%25203%2520ESTH%2520d.JPG","alt":"Looking down on Esthwaite Water"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2010%252005%2520Esthwaite.JPG","alt":"Cattle grazing by Esthwaite Water"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2011%25201%2520Esthwaite%2520looking%2520north%2520west.JPG","alt":"Rainbow over Esthwaite Water"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2012%25201%2520Esthwaite.JPG","alt":"Esthwaite Water in the winter"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2015%2520Nov%252020th%2520Esthwaite%2520%25282%2529.JPG","alt":"Boat by Esthwaite Water, in winter"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2016%2520March%252014th%2520ESTH%2520%25282%2529.JPG","alt":"Clouds over Esthwaite Water"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/2016%2520Nov%252025%2520Esthwaite%2520looking%2520N%2520%25281%2529.JPG","alt":"Esthwaite Water"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":7.44,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":2290.5,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"atlantic","biome":"freshwater_lakes","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes"],"geology":"Bannisdale slates and grits","hydrology":null,"soils":null,"vegetation":null},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((-3.0121735187871 54.396763615006, -3.0116736003036 54.396732696526, -3.0112927468197 54.396787003228, -3.010931617418 54.396840864085, -3.0105508390037 54.396917919249, -3.0098692522671 54.397094387262, 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