{"title":"Pallas LTER observatory - Finland","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"b0edd1d7-4fe7-4945-a366-4e9ff21e9dd3"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T18:57:55+01:00","changed":"2025-12-15T09:51:34+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1a023a4b-0653-49a1-8137-3f0d6605a553"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":false},{"network":{"name":"European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"a020d91b-500b-474e-948b-cf5856121cb2"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ICOS","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"80633d38-4c85-4ee0-a4ce-7bbbd99c888c"}},"siteCode":"http:\/\/meta.icos-cp.eu\/resources\/stations\/AS_PAL, http:\/\/meta.icos-cp.eu\/resources\/stations\/ES_FI-Ken","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ICP Forests","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4e44c094-f4f7-4882-bfe5-685b666a0dc7"}},"siteCode":"15_3","verified":false},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"INTERACT","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c0f5b78b-f3b2-4ec2-9ec3-53c79ea5e15a"}},"siteCode":"https:\/\/www.interact-gis.org\/Home\/Station\/22","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Finland","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"aaae2a46-f355-41d0-8067-c2f0cd52e814"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_FI_019","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"316f5ee2-ab7e-482b-a85b-9571d5ae932c"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":false}],"projects":[{"label":"ICP Forests (Level II)","uri":null}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Annalea Lohila","email":null,"orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Jussi Paatero","email":"jussi.paatero@fmi.fi","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Katriina Kyll\u00f6nen","email":null,"orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Mika Aurela","email":null,"orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Jussi Paatero","email":"jussi.paatero@fmi.fi","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Pallas atmosphere ecosystem supersite","value":"https:\/\/en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi\/pallas-https:\/\/en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi\/pallas-atmosphere-ecosystem-supersite"},{"title":"Arctic Space centre of Sodankyl\u00e4","value":"https:\/\/fmiarc.fmi.fi\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"Pallas LTER observatory is located in northern Finland, in Muonio and Kittil\u00e4 municipalities. The observatory consists of versatile research infrastructure for monitoring and studying the atmosphere, ecosystems and their interactions. Pallas is located 170 km north of the Arctic Circle, partly in the area of Pallas-Yll\u00e4stunturi National Park. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) has a long history of atmospheric monitoring at Pallas: the first weather station was established near Lake Pallasj\u00e4rvi in 1935. The measurements of atmospheric composition were started in 1991, and the Sammaltunturi station was established as a node of the Pallas\u2013Sodankyl\u00e4 Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 1994. Currently, Pallas comprises one of the most important research infrastructures in Finland and in the wider circumpolar region, contributing to numerous European and global research programmes, such as GAW, ICOS, ACTRIS and EMEP. Research infrastructure at Pallas includes also the Pallasj\u00e4rvi Research Forest and a research area of Lake Pallasj\u00e4rvi catchment, locating in the immediate vicinity of the Pallas-Yll\u00e4stunturi National Park. Due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream the observatory area is included in the boreal forest region. However, with regard to stratospheric meteorology, the observatory can be classified as an Arctic site. Its strategic location, coupled with ready accessibility from all parts of the world, makes the observatory an excellent base for studying various themes of global change in a northern context. \r\n\r\nPallas LTER observatory is part of Pallas-Sodankyl\u00e4 GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) station which incorporates a variety of biotopes, e.g. forests, bogs, barren mountain tops, lakes and rivers. In addition to the Pallas site, the Pallas-Sodankyl\u00e4 GAW station encompasses the Arctic Space Centre in Sodankyl\u00e4 (FMI-ARC). Upper-air soundings, climatological and other meteorological measurements are made at the Sodankyl\u00e4 Observatory, and tropospheric air composition and related boundary layer meteorological measurements at Pallas. ","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1994,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Pallas LTER observatory","shortName":"Pallas LTER","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4562.jpg","alt":"The Pallas-Sammaltunturi station is located at an elevation of 565 m a.s.l, about 100 m above the treeline. Atmospheric measurements at Sammaltunturi began in 1991 and since 1994, Sammaltunturi has been a node of the Pallas\u2013Sodankyl\u00e4 supersite that contributes to the GAW program of the WMO. The station belongs also to ICOS and ACTRIS infrastructures. The measurements are focused on concentrations of climate gases, non-methane hydrocarbons and physico-chemical properties of particles and their variability. "},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4563.jpg","alt":"The Pallas-Lompoloj\u00e4nkk\u00e4 flux measurement station at a pristine mire. Fluxes of CO2, H2O and CH4 have been measured since 2005 with both eddy covariance and chamber methods. Lompoloj\u00e4nkk\u00e4 is a Level 2 ecosystem station in ICOS RI. There are also a range of hydrological measurements at Lompoloj\u00e4nkk\u00e4 and the narrow stream draining it. Previously, impact of drainage, elevated temperature and reindeer grazing have been studied campaign-wise. Photo: Jussi Paatero."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4564.jpg","alt":"The flux measurement station at Lake Pallasj\u00e4rvi. Eddy covariance fluxes of CO2 and H2O from the lake have been measured since 2013. Chamber fluxes of CH4 and CO2 have been conducted campaign-wise. Photo: Jussi Paatero."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4566.jpg","alt":"The Pallas-Laukukero automatic weather station. The station was built in 1994 and it measures air temperature, humidity and pressure and wind speed and direction. The station provides meteorological information for general weather service and, together with other weather stations at Pallas region, information about the vertical structure of the atmosphere for research purposes. Photo: Jussi Paatero."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4567.jpg","alt":"The Pallas-Matorova air quality station in the winter time. At the site, air pollutants have been measured since 1995. In addition to the deposition sampling (main ions, heavy metals, PAHs), meteorology and atmospheric concentrations of e.g. persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and acidifying compounds are measured as part of, e.g., EMEP and ICP IM programmes. Photo: Jussi Paatero."},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/pallas-sodankyla-lter-observatory-finland_4568.jpg","alt":"The Pallas-Kentt\u00e4rova flux measurement station in a spruce forest. Eddy covariance fluxes of CO2, H2O and energy have been measured in this 20-m tower since 2003. Forest floor fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are monitored with a manual chamber technique and background concentration (CO2, CH4, H2O) data is also collected continuously. At Kentt\u00e4rova, there is also an official weather station of FMI. Kentt\u00e4rova is an associate ecosystem station in ICOS RI. Photo: Jussi Paatero."}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":-0.4,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":527,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"boreal","biome":"taiga","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Tundra","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Heathland, scrub and tundra (F)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Mires, bogs and fens (D)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes","Fresh water rivers","Terrestrial"],"geology":null,"hydrology":null,"soils":null,"vegetation":null},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((24.095764 67.968195, 24.123917 68.030445, 24.319611 68.003199, 24.320984 67.986219, 24.321671 67.968195, 24.095764 67.968195))","coordinates":"POINT (24.2091 67.99725)","country":["Finland"],"elevation":{"avg":269,"min":179,"max":765,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":4845.1,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":[{"title":"ICP Forests Level II Finland Pallasj\u00e4rvi spruce plot nr. 3","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/locations\/","suffix":"e00d1c3c-1c28-49a4-a194-62a444b2429e"},"changed":"2024-05-07T14:21:29+0200"},{"title":"Pallas","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/locations\/","suffix":"74cc549c-6bb9-444b-9da4-752dd4be9149"},"changed":"2024-09-10T15:34:10+0200"},{"title":"Kenttarova","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/locations\/","suffix":"0cba57c4-a604-4d65-9988-96040a8d8f28"},"changed":"2024-09-10T15:35:32+0200"}]},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"mainly experimentation","scale":"beyond catchment scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"beyond catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"dirt road  (4WD)","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":7,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":true,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":1},"notes":null,"collection":[{"label":"10-100 kW","uri":null},{"label":"2 - 5 places","uri":null},{"label":"6 - 10 beds","uri":null},{"label":"All over site\/catchment","uri":null},{"label":"Boat","uri":null},{"label":"Cable based","uri":null},{"label":"Less than 10 m above canopy","uri":null},{"label":"Other data services","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Snow clearing equipment","uri":null},{"label":"Snow mobile","uri":null},{"label":"Structured file","uri":null},{"label":"Temperature Controlled Container","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 2WD","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 4WD","uri":null},{"label":"Weekly","uri":null},{"label":"XML database","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["Formal acknowledgement of the dataset providers"],"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Master Site"}}}}