{"title":"Kdoshim (KDO) - Israel","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"bbe2405c-cf54-4c35-8da2-8f755314aad7"},"type":"site","created":"2013-12-02T18:57:28+01:00","changed":"2025-05-08T09:08:05+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Israel","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"e0f680c2-22b1-4424-bf54-58aa9b7476a0"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_IL_004","verified":true}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Yagil Osem","email":"yagil@agri.gov.il","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"KKL","url":"http:\/\/www.kkl.org.il\/","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Yagil Osem","email":"yagil@agri.gov.il","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"LTER - ISRAEL","value":"http:\/\/lter-israel.org.il\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Kedoshim-forest Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) is an experimental set up established in 2008 in a mature Pinus halepensis forest. This long-term research was designed to address silvicultural issues related to the management of mature, first generation, man-made, pine forest ecosystems in Israel and the design of their next generations as sustainable multiple-use forests. The Kedoshim LTER site is part of the Israeli LTER network - MAARAG.\r\nThe Kedoshim LTER site provides a comprehensive well designed experimental infrastructure to study long-term effects of silvicultural manipulation (specifically overstory thinning) on vegetation dynamics, forest structure and ecosystem function. Four overstory thinning treatments were applied within 70\u00d770 research plots: 1) clear cut, 2) heavy thinning \u2013 100 tree ha-1 (65% reduction in stem basal area), 3) moderate thinning \u2013 300 tree ha-1  (35% reduction in stem basal area) and, 4) control with no thinning \u2013 ca. 500 tree ha-1. Additionally, adjacent non-forested area was assigned as a reference. Climate and microclimate and various aspects of vegetation dynamics, forest function and biodiversity are monitored continuously since the application of thinning treatments.\r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/codes.wmo.int\/wmdr\/ReportingStatus\/operational"},"yearEstablished":2007,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Kdoshim (KDO)","shortName":"Kdoshim","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/kdoshim-kdo-israel_4707.jpg","alt":"not defined"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/kdoshim-kdo-israel_4708.jpg","alt":"not defined"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":25,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":500,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"evergreen_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Forest","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Coniferous woodland (G3)","uri":null},{"label":"Lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding black pine [Pinus nigra]) (G3.7)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland (G4.E)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":" brown?red Terra Rossa which developed on Turonian and Cenomanian limestone and dolomite.","hydrology":"The Kedoshim Forest is a mature, men-made Pinus halepensis forest planted in1969. The research site is located on the low western slopes of the Jerusalem Mountains (35002, 560 E, 31079\u0027250 N) of Israel. The climate is typical east Mediterranean. Average annual rainfall amount is 550 mm (measured since 1970) concentrated mainly between December and March. The drought season is long, typically about 6 months with no rain. Yearly average temperature is 20 0C with daily temperatures ranging between 15 0C at night and 26 0C at noon, in average. The elevation is 390?500 m ASL with moderate slopes ranging between 5 and 20 %","soils":"Local soil is mainly shallow (usually 20?40 cm deep),","vegetation":"The native vegetation surrounding the research area is typically sparse shrublands?woodlands dominated by Quercus calliprinos Webb (tree), Pistacia lentiscus L. and Rhamnus lycioides L. (shrubs), and Sarcopoterium spinosum L. (dwarf shrub). "},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((35.019603632397 31.791139452264, 35.02030671486 31.791635920231, 35.02030671486 31.791635920231, 35.020303109309 31.791634387927, 35.020303109309 31.791634387927, 35.020303109309 31.791634387927, 35.02030671486 31.791637452536, 35.020524850701 31.791617532576, 35.020825914217 31.791525594247, 35.020750197644 31.789843106668, 35.023364222185 31.789778748611, 35.023375038839 31.789089195195, 35.024914609154 31.789101453967, 35.025048014545 31.787489411461, 35.024896581399 31.787345368272, 35.023800493867 31.786407549683, 35.023284900061 31.785573925173, 35.022527734332 31.784320409465, 35.022127518161 31.784605440202, 35.021676824275 31.785491175271, 35.021009797323 31.786309476601, 35.021031430629 31.788185106256, 35.020959319607 31.78859577826, 35.019899287587 31.788896119317, 35.019592815744 31.789135165583, 35.019524310273 31.789585674173, 35.019603632397 31.791139452264))","coordinates":"POINT (35.022582 31.787875)","country":["Israel"],"elevation":{"avg":450,"min":390,"max":510,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":19.26,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"mainly experimentation","scale":"plot scale"},"observations":{"design":"partly observation","scale":"sub-catchment within catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"abiotic heterogeneity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21476"},{"label":"above ground biomass","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22025"},{"label":"above ground net primary production","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10043"},{"label":"age class","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21353"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"canopy cover rate","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22076"},{"label":"canopy gap area","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22077"},{"label":"canopy growth rate","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22076"},{"label":"canopy height","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22079"},{"label":"canopy transpiration","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22081"},{"label":"change in population size over time","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22085"},{"label":"community composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22086"},{"label":"crop growth rate","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10058"},{"label":"deadwood decaying rate","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22101"},{"label":"deadwood position","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22102"},{"label":"deadwood volume","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22103"},{"label":"disturbance pattern","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21473"},{"label":"diversity index","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21513"},{"label":"earth worms abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22112"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"ecosystem structure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21475"},{"label":"faunistic diversity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22119"},{"label":"floristic diversity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22122"},{"label":"forest structure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21477"},{"label":"leaf area","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22156"},{"label":"leaf area ratio","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22158"},{"label":"macrofauna abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22028"},{"label":"normalized vegetation index","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22175"},{"label":"plant cover","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22188"},{"label":"plant height","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22192"},{"label":"plant species composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22195"},{"label":"plant transpiration","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22197"},{"label":"population size","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22199"},{"label":"soil parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20944"},{"label":"soil water content","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22281"},{"label":"species abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10018"},{"label":"species composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22285"},{"label":"species group abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10021"},{"label":"species list","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22286"},{"label":"species richness","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22287"},{"label":"tree age","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22300"},{"label":"tree basal area","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22301"},{"label":"tree condition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22302"},{"label":"tree diameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22303"},{"label":"tree distribution","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21587"},{"label":"tree height","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22305"},{"label":"vegetation layer composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22307"},{"label":"vegetation layer structure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21480"},{"label":"vegetation layer type","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22308"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"dirt road  (4WD)","allPartsAccessible":false,"maintenanceInterval":30,"permanentPowerSupply":false,"operation":{"permanent":false,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":30},"notes":null,"collection":[{"label":"1 - 5 beds","uri":null},{"label":"\u003E 5 places","uri":null},{"label":"Graph or object database","uri":null},{"label":"No data transmission from site","uri":null},{"label":"No within site data transmission","uri":null},{"label":"Other data services","uri":null},{"label":"Structured file","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 2WD","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["Co-authorship on publications resulting from use of the dataset"],"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Regular Site"}}}}