{"title":"Srebarna - Bulgaria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"bc7e400a-ad18-4aeb-b11e-846362983a04"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T19:04:25+01:00","changed":"2025-09-17T12:09:55+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Bulgaria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"20ad4fa2-cc07-4848-b9ed-8952c55f1a3f"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_BG_007","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"Birds Directive (2009\/147\/EC)","uri":null},{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands","uri":"https:\/\/www.ramsar.org"},{"label":"Site of Community Importance (SCI) of Habitat Directive","uri":null},{"label":"Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) of Habitat Directive","uri":null},{"label":"Water Framework Directive (2000\/60\/EC)","uri":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/water\/water-framework\/index_en.html"},{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Nevena Ivanova","email":"nevena759344@gmail.com","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER-BAS)","url":"http:\/\/www.iber.bas.bg\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03eywck07"}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER-BAS)","url":"http:\/\/www.iber.bas.bg\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03eywck07"}],"fundingAgency":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER-BAS)","url":"http:\/\/www.iber.bas.bg\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03eywck07"}],"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/www.lter-bulgaria.net\/wordpress\/en\/srebarna\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Srebarna Lake was designated as a Monument of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1983), UNESCO biosphere reserve (1977), Ramsar site (1975) and Important Bird Area (1990) because of its extremely rich ornithofauna and mainly because of the breeding of globally threatened species Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca). During the last years the lake ecosystem underwent significant changes towards strong eutrophication and anthropogenically speeded-up succession. The main reasons were the interrupted connection with the Danube River (because of a dyke built in 1948) together with the pumping-out of the underground waters, as well as the agricultural changes and activities in the watershed basin. The restoration activities carried out in 1993-1994 and especially the canal which connected the lake with the Danube lead to the beginning of lake recovery. All these events influenced the biodiversity of the reserve.\r\n\r\nThe dominant plant association is that of the Reed (Phragmites australis), which occupies about two-thirds (400 ha) of the Reserve\u0027s total surface area. Gray Willow (Salix cinerea) and Purple Willow (Salix purpurea) bushes grow in some places. The second widest spread plant species after the Reed is the Lesser Reedmace (Typha angustifolia), and it is more abundant than the Great Reedmace (Typha latifolia). Of all 139 vascular plant species hosted by the Reserve, 11 are rare or endangered. Some 19 fish species occurred in the lake until 1948. There are 21 reptile and amphibian species, and 41 mammal species. The avifauna numbered a total of 230 bird species. The nesting colony of Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the pearl of the Reserve.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1948,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Srebarna","shortName":"Srebarna","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":[{"label":"educational services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_3_2_EducationalServices"},{"label":"other recreational services","uri":"https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/codelist\/HILUCSValue\/3_4_5_OtherRecreationalServices"}],"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/srebarna0.png","alt":"Scenic picture of lake Srebarna from the observation tower"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Srebarna1.jpg","alt":"Closer look at the Srebarna lake"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Srebarna3.JPG","alt":"Moving island in lake Srebarna"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":11.51,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":{"label":"Other, non-standardised or incomplete reference period","uri":null}},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":526.5,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":{"label":"Other, non-standardised or incomplete reference period","uri":null}},"biogeographicalRegion":"continental","biome":"freshwater_lakes","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools (C1.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes"],"geology":"The lake bowl lies in the Pliocene clays over a substratum of Barremian and Aptian limestones. In 1949 the lake was disconnected from the Danube by a dyke, and since then ground water sources and surface run-off from the neighbouring hills have remained the only source recharging the lake with fresh water.","hydrology":"The lake of Srebarna, situated in North-Eastern Bulgaria on the right bank of the Danube (440 05?? n.l. and 270 07?? e.l.) between the river kilometres 393 and 391, is located in a karstic depletion surrounded by three hills. The total territory of the Srebarna Biosphere Reserve is 902.1 ha including the shallow holo-polymictic Srebarna Lake with slightly alkaline to neutral waters and the Danubian island Devnia. The watershed basin covers area of 1,070 km2 and is formed of the basins of the rivulets Srebrenska, Babukska and Kalnezha (MODEV, 1994). A hyper-eutrophic lake, the Nature Reserve, is exclusive state property, and the adjoining land tracts are private property or municipal property. Commercial fishing and mowing of Reed, Reedmace and Bulrush in the Reserve was discontinued in 1975. Since then, the natural resources have not been exploited. The connection with the Danube was partially re-established in 1978, but river waters do not flood the lake every year. The lack of an adequate connection with the Danube for long periods of time creates conditions for accretion of bottom sediments (organic and inorganic sludge), reducing the water depth to only 1 m (measured in 1993). A canal connecting the Danube with the lake, built in 1994 with the financial support of international organizations, has improved substantially the ecological conditions in the lake. The abundance and diversity of bird species typical of the region is increasing.","soils":null,"vegetation":"The Srebarna Biosphere Reserve vegetation, presented mainly by rooted hydrophytic, hygrophilic, hygromesophilic, mesophilic and mesoxerophilic communities (cenoses) plays a significant role in maintaining an optimum ecological balance of the aquatic and land ecosystems in the lake area. Basically, its importance is expressed in the following: 1\/ a key role for the stability of the Reserve\u00b4s ecosystems; 2\/ specific character of the cenotic combinations within the plant associations;3\/ main contribution for the ecological balance;4\/ high scientific and cognitive value of a substantial part of the Reserve\u00b4s higher flora. The main types of habitats were classified in accordance with the KORINE Programme Nomenclature. The following types are present within the territory of the Srebarna Biosphere Reserve (part of the term have no Bulgarian translation): Standing fresh water, Temporary fresh water, Duckweed covers (Lemna, Spirodela, Wolfia, Azola, Frogbit rafts (Hydroharis morsus-ranae), Water-soldier rafts (Stratiotes aloides), Salvinia covers (Salvinia natans) etc. The Biosphere Reserve of Srebarna vegetation is composed of 139 species of vascular aquatic and hydrophilic plants. The species Ranunculus lingua found within the Reserve in 1975, has not been confirmed again since 1980. Nine of the total number of species are protected under the Environment Act. 13 species of the Srebarna Biosphere Reserve flora are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria. Two of the species typical of the flora of Srebarna are included in the European List of Threatened, Rare and Endemic Plants in Europe."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((27.087585548079 44.131609205907, 27.089043553122 44.131707008116, 27.090526526711 44.131798026757, 27.090643823636 44.131394169451, 27.090673429947 44.131171764194, 27.090664968743 44.130963709081, 27.090663175482 44.130838851542, 27.09061900048 44.130644562044, 27.090588304347 44.130464796624, 27.090530457521 44.130298175026, 27.090536443857 44.130062446113, 27.090496466793 44.129888941573, 27.090512518114 44.129701511082, 27.090520192454 44.12958333274, 27.090594188812 44.129406729173, 27.090359298834 44.129391406463, 27.089728880785 44.129350174687, 27.088546390527 44.129272014389, 27.088602019125 44.12889706007, 27.088983082617 44.128921784104, 27.088989497667 44.12888553057, 27.088994461808 44.128857018575, 27.088999030939 44.128835817281, 27.089492244069 44.124429316048, 27.089689104189 44.123077820086, 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