{"title":"LTSER Veluwe - Netherlands","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"bef0bbd2-d8a9-4672-9e5b-085d049f4879"},"type":"site","created":"2016-07-27T15:02:54+02:00","changed":"2025-03-11T08:54:11+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"Netherlands LTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"8312c2c4-a787-4986-9a3d-3f1364bab3ba"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_NL_002","verified":true}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Stefan Vriend","email":"s.vriend@nioo.knaw.nl","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9006-5988"}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)","url":"https:\/\/nioo.knaw.nl\/en","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Henk Siepel","email":"Henk.Siepel@wur.nl","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Stefan Vriend","email":"s.vriend@nioo.knaw.nl","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9006-5988"}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":null},"general":{"abstract":"The area defined as \u2018the Veluwe\u2019 lies in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands, West of the river IJssel and North of the river Rhine. The region hosts the largest connected nature area of the country: around 91.947 ha are part of the Natura 2000 area. The natural landscape consists of a mix of forests, heathlands, sand drifts, lakes, and moorlands. The Veluwe was settled a long time ago, and the area is now densely populated (van der Zouwen, 2006). Traces of burial mounds and agricultural fields are indicators of former human settlements. During prehistoric and medieval times, extraction of iron and timber took place on the Veluwe. After the start of the 19th century, large scale deforestation occurred, with several consequences for the nature and the landscape of the area. Human colonization increased rapidly in the 20th century. This resulted in increased infrastructure, intensified agriculture, and increased water extraction, with consequences for the groundwater levels and biodiversity (Jongmans et al., 2012; Schamin\u00e9e and Jansen, 2009). As it stands, the present nature regions are surrounded by agriculture, settlements, or infrastructure. This means there is a lot of interaction between humans and nature. For example, the National Park De Hoge Veluwe and the Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller museum and surrounding attractions get more than half a million visitors per year (ZKA Consultants \u0026 Planners, 2013).\r\n\r\nThe unique circumstances of highly populated areas combined with nature provide great opportunities for research on the varied interactions between nature and humans to be carried out. A great array of different ecological and socio-economic research has already been carried out in the Veluwe, which makes it a good quality LTSER platform right from the start. One criteria for a LTSER platform is the definition of relevant themes or research questions (ILTER, 2014).\r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1930,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"LTSER Veluwe","shortName":"VEL","siteType":"Platform","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Map%2520Veluwe.jpg","alt":"Map drawing of the Veluwe socio-ecological area, its major cities and towns, roads, and its positioning in the Netherlands. The Veluwe is confined in the west by the border with the province of Utrecht, in the north by the border with the province of Flevoland, in the east by the river IJssel, and in the south by the river Rhine."}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":10.1,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":900,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"atlantic","biome":"deciduous_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Deciduous Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Small rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate coniferous forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Urban","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Acid siliceous inland cliffs (H3.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Acidophilous oak-dominated woodland (G1.8)","uri":null},{"label":"Agricultural constructions (J2.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns (E2.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Airport runways and aprons (J4.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Anthropogenic herb stands (E5.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Arable land and market gardens (I1)","uri":null},{"label":"Arable land with unmixed crops grown by low-intensity agricultural methods (I1.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Atlantic parkland (E7.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Bare tilled, fallow or recently abandoned arable land (I1.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Beech woodland (G1.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved deciduous woodland (G1)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat (G1.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Buildings of cities, towns and villages (J1)","uri":null},{"label":"Coniferous woodland (G3)","uri":null},{"label":"Constructed parts of cemeteries (J4.7)","uri":null},{"label":"Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats (J)","uri":null},{"label":"Cultivated areas of gardens and parks (I2)","uri":null},{"label":"Disused road, rail and other constructed hard-surfaced areas (J4.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Domestic gardens of city and town centres (X24)","uri":null},{"label":"Domestic gardens of villages and urban peripheries (X25)","uri":null},{"label":"Dry grasslands (E1)","uri":null},{"label":"Dry heaths (F4.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Fruit and nut tree orchards (G1.D)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Habitat complexes (X)","uri":null},{"label":"Heathland, scrub and tundra (F)","uri":null},{"label":"Hedgerows (FA)","uri":null},{"label":"High density temporary residential units (J1.7)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations (G1.C)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly artificial coniferous plantations (G3.F)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures (J5)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly artificial non-saline running waters (J5.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly artificial non-saline standing waters (J5.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Highly-managed hedgerows of native species (FA.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Household waste and landfill sites (J6.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops (H3)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats (H)","uri":null},{"label":"Intensive unmixed crops (I1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Intensively-farmed crops interspersed with strips of natural and\/or semi-natural vegetation (X07)","uri":null},{"label":"Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved deciduous trees (X13)","uri":null},{"label":"Land sparsely wooded with coniferous trees (X15)","uri":null},{"label":"Land sparsely wooded with mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees (X16)","uri":null},{"label":"Large parks (X11)","uri":null},{"label":"Large-scale ornamental garden areas (I2.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Lines of trees (G5.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice (G5)","uri":null},{"label":"Low density buildings (J2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mesic grasslands (E2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mires, bogs and fens (D)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Scots pine - acidophilous oak woodland (G4.7)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Scots pine - birch woodland (G4.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed crops of market gardens and horticulture (I1.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed forestry plantations 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(mean and gust)","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22318"},{"label":"wind speed","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22319"},{"label":"wind speed (mean and gust)","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22320"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"paved road","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":7,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":true,"notes":"This is an estimate of the ongoing research costs of various universities and institutes at the site","siteVisitInterval":7},"notes":"The research infrastructure is very diverse: complete meteorological observation sites, a vast network of piezometers, several visitor centres with expositions and research results, etc. etc. The infrastructur is also very diversely owned, from universities to nature maangement organisations, waterboards and province.\r\nHowever, there is no central building as the \u0027site\u0027. The laboratories of Wageningen University (Alterra) are in the site.","collection":[{"label":"\u003E 10 beds","uri":null},{"label":"\u003E 5 places","uri":null},{"label":"Cable based","uri":null},{"label":"Central station(s)","uri":null},{"label":"Data portal","uri":null},{"label":"GMS\/UMTS","uri":null},{"label":"More than 100 kW","uri":null},{"label":"No tower on site","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Radio transmission system (repeaters, receivers, centralstation)","uri":null},{"label":"Radio transmission system (repeaters. receivers. centralstation)","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Satellite","uri":null},{"label":"Snow clearing equipment","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial database (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Structured file","uri":null},{"label":"Telephone line","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 2WD","uri":null},{"label":"Web Map Service (WMS)","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["Co-authorship on publications resulting from use of the dataset","The opportunity to collaborate on the project using the dataset","Reprints of articles using the dataset must be provided to the data provider","Mutual agreement on reciprocal sharing of data"],"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"ltser"}}}}