{"title":"Bettlachstock - Switzerland","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"c30ed2e5-41b0-4f2b-992c-2bd96b3cdba1"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T19:01:41+01:00","changed":"2024-03-25T13:57:56+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ICP Forests","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4e44c094-f4f7-4882-bfe5-685b666a0dc7"}},"siteCode":"50_3","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Switzerland","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"cedf695c-c6dc-4660-b944-3c22f12ad0d9"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_CH_003","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"01613c61-222c-4599-acab-74b70276f0a7"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"FutMon","uri":"http:\/\/www.futmon.org\/"},{"label":"ICP Forests (Level I)","uri":null},{"label":"ICP Forests (Level II)","uri":null}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Peter Waldner","email":"peter.waldner@wsl.ch","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-6156 "}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Flurin Sutter","url":"https:\/\/www.wsl.ch\/en\/staff\/sutter\/","ror":null},{"type":"person","name":"Volodymyr Trotsiuk","email":"volodymyr.trotsiuk@wsl.ch","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/ 0000-0002-8363-656X"}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"https:\/\/lwf.wsl.ch\/en\/flaechen\/bettlachstock\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The forest site \u0022Bettlachstock\u0022 has been installed in 1995 as part of the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme LWF. The programme investigates anthropogenic and natural forces on the long-term health of the forests and the potential risks to humans. For this, a profound understanding of the relationship between processes, causes and effects in the ecosystem are necessary.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of the LWF research programme include (i) early detection and a representative assessment of changes in forest condition, (ii) determination of external influences, both from anthropogenic and natural sources such as element inputs and climate and their effect on the forest ecosystem, (iii) development of indicators to assess the condition of the forest, (iv) integrated risk assessment based on different stress scenarios, and (v) extended platform for internal and external research projects. \r\n\r\nThe LWF research programme provides, on the one hand, long-term data series from the last 20 years, together with a scientific interpretation to national and international policy makers. On the other hand, the available data and latest LWF infrastructure provide an attractive scientific platform for collaboration with both national and international partners.\r\n\r\nThe site is located next to Bettlachstock in the canton of Solothurn, within a natural, mixed forest stand which mainly consists of 170-190 year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica), 190 year-old European silver fir (Abies alba), 200 year-old spruce (Picea abies), 170 year-old European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and 160 year-old Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) trees. Among others, the site is equipped with two meteorological measurement stations; one is located within the forest stand, the second is co-located in the nearby open-field, allowing to measure the forest stand effect on micro-climate.\r\n\r\nThe following parameters are being measured (starting-end year): Atmospheric deposition (throughfall and bulk deposition) (1998-today), Circular vegetation plots (1995-today), Crown Condition Assessment (1995-today), Deadwood survey (1995, 2005), Diameter and Height measurements (2000-today), EC-5 soil water content measurement (2010-today), EC-5 soil water content measurement (2010-today), Foliar analyses (1997 (beech)-, 1995 (fir)-, 2009 (spruce)-today), Leaf area index (LAI) (1996-today), Lichens (2003-today), Litter layer humidity and temperature (2000-today), Litterfall (1998-today), Manual circumference band measurement (2001-today), Matric potential (manual suction cups) (1998-today), Meteorological measurements (1997-today), O3 Injuries (2002-today), Ozone visible injury assessment (2002-today), Passive sampling of NH3 (1999-2000), Passive sampling of NO2 (1999-2000), Passive sampling of O3 (2000-today), Permanent vegetation quadrats (1995-today), Phenological observations (1998-today), Sapflow measurements, Soil matrix chemistry (1998-today), Soil morphology (1998-today), Soil solution chemistry (lysimeters) (1999-today), Soil temperature (2000-today), Tree core sampling (1802-1997), Tree crown measurements (1995-today), Deadwood sampling (2009-today). \r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1995,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Bettlachstock","shortName":"BET","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/bettlachstock_01.jpg","alt":"Meteorological station (open field) at Bettlachstock. Photo: Raphael Siegrist, 2020"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/bettlachstock_02.jpg","alt":"View from the Bettlachstock to the Swiss plateau. Photo: Matthias H\u00e4ni, 2019"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/bettlachstock_04.jpg","alt":"The new meteorological station in the stand of the LWF plot. Photo: Matthias H\u00e4ni, 2021"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":6.49,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1157.11,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"continental","biome":"mixed_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Forest","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":[{"label":"Mountain","uri":null}],"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"Jurassic: Middle Jurassic, upper Hauptrogenstein","hydrology":null,"soils":"Rendzic Leptosols; Calcaric Cambisols","vegetation":"Woodland association after EK72: 13 h: Cardamino-Fagetum tilietosum"},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((7.416157797 47.224179062, 7.4157781490001 47.224985184, 7.416829502 47.225736472, 7.4175331720001 47.224550574, 7.416157797 47.224179062))","coordinates":"POINT (7.4166536 47.2251551)","country":["Switzerland"],"elevation":{"avg":1150,"min":1101,"max":1196,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":1.3,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"mainly experimentation","scale":"plot scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"plot within catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"soil parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20944"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"dirt road  (4WD)","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":14,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":false,"notes":"The automated data transfer via GMS\/UMTS from measurement sensors to a central data base allows a permanent sampling interval at a resolution of 1 minute to hours, depending on the measurement parameter.","siteVisitInterval":1},"notes":null,"collection":[{"label":"Cable based","uri":null},{"label":"Daily","uri":null},{"label":"GMS\/UMTS","uri":null},{"label":"Lysimeter","uri":null},{"label":"Other data services","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial database (GIS)","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/www.wsl.ch\/info\/organisation\/fpo\/lwf\/results\/data\/access_EN"}],"rights":["Co-authorship on publications resulting from use of the dataset"],"notes":"Currently, data can be requested either directly via WSL-LWF http:\/\/www.wsl.ch\/info\/organisation\/fpo\/lwf\/index_EN or via ICP Forests http:\/\/icp-forests.net\/page\/data-requests . \r\nA new, updated data policy with direct online access to the data is being developed. \r\n"}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Master Site"}}}}