{"title":"Braila Islands - Romania","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"d4854af8-9d9f-42a2-af96-f1ed9cb25712"},"type":"site","created":"2012-12-25T18:55:37+01:00","changed":"2025-01-07T11:11:07+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Romania","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4260f964-0ac4-4406-8adc-5afc06e31779"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_RO_006","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"ExpeER","uri":"https:\/\/www.expeeronline.eu\/"},{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands","uri":"https:\/\/www.ramsar.org"},{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"},{"label":"eLTER PLUS (H2020) - RA","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3030\/871128"},{"label":"eLTER PLUS (H2020) - TA","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3030\/871128"},{"label":"eLTER PLUS (H2020) - VA","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3030\/871128"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Mihai Adamescu","email":"mihaicristian.adamescu@g.unibuc.ro","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Constantin Cazacu","email":"constantin.cazacu@gmail.com","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Mihai Adamescu","email":"mihaicristian.adamescu@g.unibuc.ro","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Relu Giuca","email":"relu.giuca@yahoo.com","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Braila LTSER","value":"http:\/\/rcses.unibuc.ro\/"}]},"general":{"abstract":"\u0022Braila Islands\u0022 site with a total surface of over 2600 km2 is situated in the South-East of Romania  corresponding to a 78 km long Danube sector that stretches between Harsova (kilometer 253) and Braila (kilometer 175) cities. This socio-ecological system is inhabited by near 300,000 people and comprises heavily modified ecosystems (e.g. Big Island of Braila, former wetland transformed into agricultural land) but also systems under a natural functional regime (e.g. Small Islands of Braila), being of a crucial natural and socio-economical value.\r\nThe Danube river along the Braila Islands section has been ranked as a heavily modified water body according to criteria 2.1 (embankment works) due to the hydro-technical works on more than 79% of the river stretch sector and a candidate to \u201cheavily modified\u201d according with the WFD criteria 2.2 (regulation works) as a result of dredging of 21% of the river bed for intensive navigation. The main remnant of the natural floodplains consists in the wetlands from the Small Island of Braila Natural Park with a total surface of 210 km2 and the floodplains between the riverbanks and dikes of almost 93 km2.","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1995,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Braila Islands","shortName":"Braila Islands","siteType":"Platform","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/DSC01994.JPG","alt":"Wetland area in spring"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/DSC01047_1.jpg","alt":"Phalacrocorax pygmeus"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/DSC01000.JPG","alt":"Phalacrocorax carbo "},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/IMG-20160531-WA0001.jpg","alt":"Field lodge Stancuta"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/IMG-20160531-WA0002.jpg","alt":"field research station Stancuta"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":12.14,"monthlyAverage":[-0.23,1.67,6.12,11.73,17.6,21.95,24.08,23.63,18.34,12.47,6.82,1.47],"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":433,"monthlyAverage":[30,24,30,33,44,46,41,29,39,44,36,37],"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"biogeographicalRegion":"steppic","biome":"agricultural","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Flooded grasslands and savannas","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Large rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Arable land and market gardens (I1)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved deciduous woodland (G1)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Intensive unmixed crops (I1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland (E3.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools (C1.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses (C2.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats (I)","uri":null},{"label":"Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant alder, birch, poplar or willow (G1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Seasonally wet and wet grasslands (E3)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface running waters (C2)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface standing waters (C1)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes","Fresh water rivers","Terrestrial"],"geology":null,"hydrology":"Reference state Formally this land-waterscape consisted in a large (1376 square kilometers) floodplain which has been extended in the northern half of the Inland Danube delta (Fig. 1 \u0026 2), between a network of river arms and lateral up to the river terrace. Three major hydro-geomorphic units have been developed over time: i) Big Island of Braila with a surface of 666 square kilometers; ii) Small Islands of Braila (SIBr) with a surface of 210 square kilometers and iii) lateral floodplain of 500 square kilometers (Fig. 12). Before the campaign for agricultural land reclamation (1950?s) the area contained a large number of shallow lakes, ponds and marshes, linked to each other by natural or man made channels and the entire network of freshwater ecosystems was connected to the river arms. The aquatic ecosystem network has covered a total surface of 619 square kilometers and has provided annually for the fishery sector about 3?4 k tons of fish yield. About 275 square kilometers of land area has been flooded annually for 6?7 months. Such type of flooded area has provided a wide range of excellent habitats for spawning, breeding, nesting and feeding for a large number of fish and bird species. They also functioned as very productive wet grasslands, providing significant quantities of hay or reed mace. The remaining land surface of 482 square kilometers has been flooded only for 2?3 months per year during the main river pulse (April to June). The hydrology of this large land area has allowed the establishment of natural alluvial forests (about 115 square kilometers) as well as practicing extensive and traditional agriculture on variable surface (50? 100 square kilometers or even more) according with the variation in the river?s hydrologic pulse. Current state By the end of 1960s the IBr land-waterscape was to a very high extent affected from a structural and functional point of view. Thus 1073 square kilometers of polders were established from which the largest one of 666 square kilometers in Big Island of Braila. The cost for establishing such large polders has exceeded nine hundreds millions USD (Vadineanu? unpublished data). Most part of permanent water bodies and floodplains has been converted into highly energy subsidized crop production systems (Fig. 10 \u0026 11). Total subsidies in terms of concentrated energy varied from one to another crop production system according with the type of crop (corn, rice, wheat) and soil characteristics and that was equivalent to 1.5 up to 2.5 tones of diesel fuel per hectare per year. Since 1990 these state owned farming systems have collapsed, as was the case for all those (78 per cent) created in the LDWS, obviously due the loss of the biological foundation necessary for their maintenance. Currently we still find a significant amount of wetlands consisting of: a) the Small Island of Braila wetlands (SIBr) with a total surface of 210 square kilometers and b) the floodplains between riverbanks and dikes of almost 93 square kilometers (Fig. 12). The SIBr wetlands extends along a Danube river stretch of 62 kilometers long between kilometer 175 downstream and kilometer 237 upstream and consists in a set of 10 islets and a network of river arms and channels.","soils":"The following soil types were identified: Calcaric Fluvisol, Calcic Chernozem, Calcic Kastanozem, Calcic Luvisol, Gleyic Solonetz, Haplic Greyzem, Haplic Phaeozem, Lithic Leptosol","vegetation":"Deciduous native forest, wetland (mire) and open grass is the dominant vegetation in the floodplain, often accompanied by alluvial soft wood forest, meadow and reeds. 221 species of plants were identified. Dominant species are: willow (Salix alba, Salix cinerea, Salix fragilis), poplar (Populus alba, Populus nigra), elm (Ulmus foliacea), Myricaria germanica, blackberry bush (Rubus caesius). An important part is covered by wetlands with: reed (Phragmites australis), rush (Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia), Scirpus lacustris, Lythrum salicaria, Galium palustre, Euphorbia palustris, Solanum dulcamara, Sium latifolium, Glyceria maxima, Stachys palustris, Butomus umbellatus, Iris pseudacorus. The most important aquatic associations are: Myriophyllo-nupharetum, Hydrocharitetum morsusranae, located especially on lakes; Salvinio-Spirodeletum polyrrizae, in the small water holes from the reed swamp, and Trapetum natansis, in deep water, in association with Lemna minor, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton luncens, Potamogeton pectinatus."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((28.136669316683 45.358044794878, 28.137370036694 45.357465418321, 28.137753867359 45.356679409941, 28.137502773042 45.354360138747, 28.13729901434 45.354071371078, 28.137132457807 45.353770979914, 28.137004421577 45.353461341063, 28.136915917334 45.353144905403, 28.136867645449 45.352824176312, 28.136859987244 45.35250169157, 28.136893001809 45.352180002945, 28.137272024052 45.351307975776, 28.13837317613 45.350243662002, 28.139969208119 45.348196397723, 28.140504758945 45.346846166244, 28.14088721231 45.344940143513, 28.140808132294 45.341323780601, 28.14141285762 45.339023903108, 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