{"title":"Pu\u0027u Maka\u0027ala Natural Area Reserve NEON - United States of America","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"dc4e374a-afe9-4f66-87e2-dbda8ce7d052"},"type":"site","created":"2020-05-25T09:36:50+02:00","changed":"2025-09-18T15:47:40+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"GERI","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"c3abdc60-49f1-49db-81fe-863b7dbb21d3"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"NEON","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"fd9fbc88-0baa-4d02-b824-dc29f721782c"}},"siteCode":"PUUM","verified":true}],"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Mike Long","email":"mlong@battelleecology.or","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":null,"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Melissa Marquez","email":"marquez@battelleecology.org","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"https:\/\/www.neonscience.org\/field-sites\/puum"}]},"general":{"abstract":"Pu\u2018u Maka\u2018ala Natural Area Reserve (PUUM) is a terrestrial NEON field site located in the South Hilo district on the Big Island of Hawai\u2018i. The 75.7 km2 (18,700 acre) reserve is managed by the Hawaii Department of Natural Resources. NEON samples 47.2 km2 (11,662.5 acres) at the reserve. Situated along an elevation gradient of 853 - 1899 m (2800 - 6230 ft.) on Mauna Loa, it features a range of habitat types, from shrubby grasslands to wet rainforest. The unique endemic diversity coupled with threats from invasive species makes Pu\u2018u Maka\u2018ala a compelling location to conduct long-term ecological research. The reserve is dedicated solely for the purpose of conservation, making the area extremely important for the protection of native species. PUUM is the only field site of the NEON Pacific Tropical Domain (D20), which includes all of the Hawaiian islands. ","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":2018,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Pu\u0027u Maka\u0027ala Natural Area Reserve NEON","shortName":"PUUM","siteType":"Platform","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/48749669793_97ca95ee36_b.jpg","alt":"View from the Tower"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/48750180797_133b1bc748_z.jpg","alt":"PUUM flux tower peeking through the trees"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":12.7,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":2657,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"evergreen_forest","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Evergreen Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Rainforest","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":null,"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"In Pu\u2018u Maka\u2018ala Natural Area Reserve, the lava \ufb02ow substrate age can be as recent as 1942 to as old as 8000 BCE. Extreme geologic disturbance in the form of volcanic activity has occurred historically, the latest being in 1942, and part of the reserve is downslope of potential eruption sites on Mauna Loa. The 1984 Mauna Loa lava flow comes within 1.6 km (1 mi.) of the Reserve. The geology can be described as P\u0101hoehoe and \u02bbA\u02bb\u0101 of the Ka\u02bb\u016b Basalt.","hydrology":"Soils are well drained, and there are no bodies of water aside from sparse bogs in the reserve.","soils":"NRCS has classified the areas within the reserve to have over 25 different soil types, ranging from very deep at lower elevation to very shallow or nonexistent at higher elevation. Soils are well drained due to the abundant precipitation.","vegetation":"Since the reserve spans across elevational gradients with varying substrate age, there are several plants considered to be dominant in different areas. Pu\u2018u Maka\u2018ala NAR is primarily \u02bb\u014dhi\u02bba (Metrosideros polymorpha), with a dense understory of hapu\u2018u tree ferns (Cibotium glaucum and Cibotium menziesii). In areas with older substrate, koa (Acacia koa) can tower up to 36 meters. In areas with younger substrate, or where there was previous grazing, the ecosystem can be classified as montane grassland, with native and non-native grasses. In the lowlands, non-native Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum) encroaches upon and can dominate native \u02bb\u014dhi\u02bba forests. Across the entire site, there are more than 160 endemic plant and fern species."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"MULTIPOLYGON (((-155.298446189 19.565276162, -155.27807955 19.560083535, -155.277585915 19.559940405, -155.277185207 19.559874306, -155.277195011 19.558894634, -155.277640112 19.558889015, -155.279360484 19.558928426, -155.279369559 19.558927966, -155.27937844 19.558926163, -155.280514034 19.558605939, -155.280523245 19.558602507, -155.280531709 19.558597647, -155.281192133 19.558140692, -155.281199734 19.5581344, -155.281206074 19.558126955, -155.281962683 19.557060869, -155.282886961 19.556140532, -155.284244027 19.555394142, -155.286287403 19.554454388, -155.287585986 19.554195091, -155.288977607 19.554055496, -155.290177617 19.553999624, -155.292971716 19.554065991, -155.295575571 19.554216333, -155.295581915 19.554216371, -155.296807203 19.554160004, -155.296814501 19.55415922, -155.296821634 19.554157584, -155.296828493 19.554155101, -155.297897457 19.553692892, 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