{"title":"Curonian Spit National Park - Lithuania","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"f1f3bc3b-ae91-4730-aa74-529ae097a0e1"},"type":"site","created":"2017-06-20T10:52:43+02:00","changed":"2020-11-27T13:24:17+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":null,"projects":[{"label":"EcoPotential (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/641762"},{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","uri":"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/about\/"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Lina  Dik\u0161ait\u0117","email":"lina.diksaite@nerija.lt","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Administration of the Curonian Spit National Park","url":"http:\/\/nerija.lt\/","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Art\u016bras Razinkovas-Baziukas","email":"arturas.razinkovas-baziukas@ku.lt","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Rasa Mork\u016bn\u0117","email":"rasa.morkune@apc.ku.lt","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":"Curonian spit national park ","value":"http:\/\/www.nerija.am.lt"}]},"general":{"abstract":"Kur\u0161i\u0173 nerija, the Curonian Spit, is a narrow strip of sand stretching 98 kilometres along the Baltic Sea in western Lithuania. The Curonian Spit is a unique and vulnerable, sandy and wooded cultural landscape on a coastal spit which features small Curonian lagoon settlements. The Spit was formed by the sea, wind and human activity and continues to be shaped by them. Rich with an abundance of unique natural and cultural features, it has retained its social and cultural importance. Local communities adapted to the changes in the natural environment in order to survive. This interaction between humans and nature shaped the Curonian Spit cultural landscape.\r\nThe history of the Curonian Spit is dramatic: 5,000 years ago, a narrow peninsula (98 km in length and 0.4-3.8 km in width), the Great Dune Ridge separating the Baltic Sea from the Curonian Lagoon, was formed on moraine islands from sand transported by currents, and later covered by forest. After intensive logging in the 17th and 18th centuries, the dunes began moving towards the Curonian Lagoon, burying the oldest settlements. At the turn of the 19th century, it became evident that human habitation would no longer be possible in the area without immediate action. Dune stabilisation work began, and has continued ever since. By the end of the 19th century, a protective dune ridge was formed along the seashore to prevent inland sand migration, and the Great Dune Ridge was reinforced using trees and brushwood hedges. Currently, forests and sands dominate the Curonian Spit. Urbanised areas (eight small settlements) cover just about 6% of the land. One part of the 50 kilometres long Curonian Spit belongs to the Republic of Lithuania. The other to the Russian Federation. With its still drifting sand dunes, the sea side forests cherishing the hundred-years-old pine trees, dunes covered by a mountain pines\u2019 carpet planted by hand, white sand beaches and the old fishermen villages. \r\n","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1991,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Curonian Spit National Park","shortName":"CSNP","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category II \u2013 National Park","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/II"}],"landUse":null,"images":null},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":7,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":701,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":"continental","biome":"coastal","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Boreal forests\/taiga","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal","uri":null},{"label":"Desert","uri":null},{"label":"Deserts and xeric shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Marine","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate shelfs and seas","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Coastal dunes and sandy shores (B1)","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal habitats (B)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice (G5)","uri":null},{"label":"Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies (C3)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Small coniferous anthropogenic woodlands (G5.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands (G5.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Coastal"],"geology":"The Curonian Spit is the largest form of accumulative relief in the Baltic Sea. It presents a classical example of Quaternary period of Holocene epoch representing different stages\r\nof the Baltic Sea forming process, where geomorphic shapes and traits are still undergoing development. Its formation is related to the middle part of the Holocene, when due to the active throw of the alluviums from the seabed to the shore the huge bars were formed and afterwards transformed by along-the-shore alluvium flows. The unique dune landscape was formed later due to the wind activity. The linear dunes (among the highest in the Northern Europe ? till 60 and more meters) predominate. They extend as a range over 70 km long and 0,3-1 km wide along the peninsula.","hydrology":"From the outside the Spit is washed by the Baltic Sea, from the interior side by the Curonian Lagoon. Hydrography network is represented by temporary brooks and lakes. During the warm period of the year the sea water temperature does not differ much from the ambient air temperature. The ice regime is described by high instability. During mild winters\r\nthe ice does not form or appear near the shore for several days only. The Curonian Lagoon is a shallow lagoon, connected with the sea by the narrow Klaipeda Strait. The depths along the shore are shallow. The average annual water temperature is +5 degrees C, in the warm period it is about +20 degrees and in some years it reaches +25 - +27\r\ndegrees C. The average perennial level of the lagoon is 12 centimetres higher than the level of the Baltic Sea. The lagoon is half-freshwater: the salt content is about 1-3% in winter and in summer ? less than 0,5% (in the Baltic Sea it is about 7%). In winter the thickness of ice-cover is up to 65 centimetres.","soils":"The soils of the Spit are very young and that is conditioned by relatively recent formation of the area and ongoing eolian processes. About 15 % of the spit area are characterised by\r\nexcessively humid soils with sharp differences in humidification between seasons and years.\r\nTwo types of soil prevail: sandy (both dry and wet) and the peat soil. There is no soil cover on moving dunes.","vegetation":"Forests cover about 70% of the Spit area, these are mostly pine forests. Natural or seminatural or planted forest habitats cover the Curonian Spit. Formation of pine and spruce forests, oak and alder woods constitute the indigenous vegetation of the Spit. Among 11547 ha of the lands covered with the forest vegetation, there are 8322 ha of pines, 207 ha of spruce, 1719 ha of birch, 832 ha of alder. 7065 ha are represented by artificial plantings (mainly pine cultures). The large areas are covered with the cultures of elder ages, which do not practically differ from the natural saplings of a green moss type. On the dune ranges consisting of almost bare quicksand the vegetation is hardly developed."},"geographic":{"boundaries":null,"coordinates":"POINT (21.102075 55.518591)","country":["Lithuania"],"elevation":{"avg":11,"min":0,"max":67,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":26464,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"partly experimentation","scale":"catchment scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"entire catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"air humidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22032"},{"label":"air specific humidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22034"},{"label":"air temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22035"},{"label":"air water vapour concentration","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22036"},{"label":"air water vapour pressure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22037"},{"label":"atmosphere stability","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21542"},{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"atmospheric pressure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22060"},{"label":"benthic invertebrates abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22027"},{"label":"biological parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20940"},{"label":"birds abundance","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10020"},{"label":"birds presence","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10082"},{"label":"carbon dioxide concentration","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22082"},{"label":"change in population size over time","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22085"},{"label":"chlorophyll content of water","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10088"},{"label":"community composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22086"},{"label":"daylight length","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22100"},{"label":"dew point","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22104"},{"label":"diffuse solar radiation intensity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22106"},{"label":"dissolved organic carbon in water","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10307"},{"label":"diversity index","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21513"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"ecosystem structure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21475"},{"label":"faunistic diversity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22119"},{"label":"fire severity index","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22120"},{"label":"floristic diversity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22122"},{"label":"landscape 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depth","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22310"},{"label":"water level","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/30025"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"},{"label":"water quality","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22312"},{"label":"water salinity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10308"},{"label":"water temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22313"},{"label":"wind direction","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22317"},{"label":"wind direction (mean and gust)","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22318"},{"label":"wind speed","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22319"},{"label":"wind speed (mean and gust)","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22320"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":true,"accessType":"boat","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":null,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":true,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":null},"notes":null,"collection":[{"label":"\u003E 10 beds","uri":null},{"label":"\u003E 5 places","uri":null},{"label":"All over site\/catchment","uri":null},{"label":"Cable based","uri":null},{"label":"Daily","uri":null},{"label":"GMS\/UMTS","uri":null},{"label":"More than 10 m above canopy","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Snow clearing equipment","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Telephone line","uri":null},{"label":"Unstructured file","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 2WD","uri":null},{"label":"Vehicle 4WD","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":["Formal acknowledgement of the dataset providers","Legal permission for dataset use is obtained","Mutual agreement on reciprocal sharing of data"],"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":null,"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":"Regular Site"}}}}