{"title":"Ges\u00e4use National Park - Austria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"f475dd9a-968f-4640-bac4-1eac12987e67"},"type":"site","created":"2013-05-10T10:00:03+02:00","changed":"2025-04-01T15:22:54+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA)","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"2ac8d841-36f5-4d78-9fb9-d9ded9e5bb60"}},"siteCode":"AT-XEI","verified":false},{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Austria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"d45c2690-dbef-4dbc-a742-26ea846edf28"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_AT_005","verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Alexander Maringer","email":"a.maringer@nationalpark-gesaeuse.at","orcid":null}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Ges\u00e4use National Park GmbH","url":"http:\/\/www.nationalpark-gesaeuse.at","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Alexander Maringer","email":"a.maringer@nationalpark-gesaeuse.at","orcid":null},{"type":"person","name":"Daniel Kreiner","email":"daniel.kreiner@nationalpark.co.at","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":null,"siteUrl":[{"title":null,"value":"http:\/\/www.nationalpark-gesaeuse.at"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Ges\u00e4use Nationalpark was founded in 2002 and is located in Styria, in the Center of Austria. It is Austrias third largest National Park with an area of about 120 km\u00b2 . The Ges\u00e4use is characterized by a mountainous landscape which is cut by the river \u0022Enns\u0022. Most parts of the Nationalpark are coverd by mountain forests. Other important habitats are alpine grasland, rock and scree habitats and pastures. The Enns with its alluvial forests and its small islands as well as the numerous freshwater springs represent very special habitats within the mountain ranges. Because of the great range of altitude differences within a small area in the Ges\u00e4use National Park, there is a dense concentration of extremely diverse habitats and, consequently, of species of animals and plants. Furthermore the Ges\u00e4use is known for its exeptional richness in endemic species.\r\n\r\n200 years ago, the natural beauty of the Ges\u00e4use region, the contrast between the river Enns and the sheer rock faces of Ges\u00e4use mountains with their diverse habitats and species, already attracted researchers and mountaineers to this area in the heart of Austria. As early as 1958, the Ges\u00e4use and the valley of the river Enns leading out of it were designated as the first conservation area in Styria. Persisting plans for hydroelectric power generation on the Enns eventually led to the creation of a national park. The Ges\u00e4use NP was established on 26 October 2002 and internationally recognized in 2003 by the IUCN as Cat. II protected area (national park). Large areas of the national park are also part of the Natura 2000 network in the sense of the EU Fauna Flora Habitat and Birds Directives. With 11 000 ha, it is the third-largest National park in Austria. It is situated in the Ennstal Alps in the province of Styria, which are part of the Northern Limestone Alps and includes essentially the two mountain ranges of Buchstein and Hochtor. In the north it borders on the Eisenwurzen Nature Park and is only ten kilometres away from Kalkalpen NP in Upper Austria.\r\n\r\nCurrently there are six national parks in Austria, which are recognized by the IUCN as Cat. II national parks. Covering an area of 2 382 km\u00b2, they make up 2.8 % of the Austrian territory and include some of the ecologically most valuable regions. They are organized under the umbrella of Nationalparks Austria to leverage synergies and to ensure consistent presentation to the general public. The directors of the national parks coordinate and initiate joint activities in cooperation with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management and the respective federal provinces. National parks across the world aim to protect areas of outstanding natural beauty, rich diversity of plants and animals, rare or endangered species and special natural phenomena. The label is designed to prevent technical development and economic exploitation and to safeguard natural dynamics. Humans are invited to participate as quiet observers. As internationally recognized IUCN Cat.II protected areas, all national parks in Austria are committed to four basic tasks:\r\n-- conservation and protection of biodiversity;\r\n-- recreation and nature experience;\r\n-- education about nature and the environment;\r\n-- research.\r\nResearch in the Ges\u00e4use NP concentrates in implementing its core tasks of protecting habitats and species. Most of it is therefore research into applied conservation, with basic research taking second place. Applied conservation research includes documenting habitats and species in the national park, basic research includes long-term research and monitoring of changes in the natural landscape. In the Ges\u00e4use NP the focus is on dynamic habitats like avalanche chutes, windthrow areas, scree gullies or gravel banks in the river. Initial results underline the special significance of these ecosystems shaped by extreme weather for biodiversity in the national park. In terms of long-term research, over the last seven years the Ges\u00e4use NP has established a network of permanent monitoring sites in diverse habitats (springs, running waters, forest, high mountain pastures, peaks, etc.). In addition to monitoring the vegetation in these sites, the focus is on identifying various groups of animals as indicator species. These special climate change monitoring projects in the national park include studies of flora and fauna at peaks (GLORIA) and the creation of a network of metereological measuring stations that represents all altitudinal zones and expositions. A project modelling climate and hydrological scenarios is headed by the University of Graz and includes a dozen partners. The national park works closely with universities on numerous projects. Many theses have been written on issues of the Ges\u00e4use. The national park offers the local infrastructure and the universities bring their special know-how to the research in the national park.  All research deliverables in the national park are also available online on the dedicated research web page http:\/\/www.parcs.at\/npg","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":2002,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":[{"typeOfRelationship":{"label":"belongs to","uri":"null"},"listOfSites":[{"type":"site","title":"Ges\u00e4use-Johnsbachtal - Austria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"5c2dc483-1ad3-47a3-992c-d73d42301a74"},"changed":"2026-01-19T10:14:51+0100"},{"type":"site","title":"Johnsbachtal - Austria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"b3ecdade-2c03-4ef2-85fe-e9c8f9e65a84"},"changed":"2024-05-28T17:12:24+0200"},{"type":"site","title":"LTSER Platform Eisenwurzen (EW) - Austria","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"d0a8da18-0881-4ebe-bccf-bc4cb4e25701"},"changed":"2025-01-07T11:14:56+0100"}]}],"siteName":"Ges\u00e4use National Park","shortName":"Gesaeuse","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category II \u2013 National Park","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/II"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/c-Andreas-Hollinger_Nationalpark-Gesaeuse.jpg","alt":"Enns cataracts, water gap Gesaeuse"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Leitner_0150.jpg","alt":"Mountain scenery in Gesaeuse National Park"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Leitner_0137.jpg","alt":"Visitor center \u0022Erlebniszentrum Weidendom\u0022, Enns river and Hochtor mountain range"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":5.07,"monthlyAverage":[-3.67,-2.96,0.03,4.18,8.7,12.35,14.08,14.06,9.83,5.91,1.13,-2.85],"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1093,"monthlyAverage":[47,50,73,73,111,127,145,135,109,83,79,61],"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"biogeographicalRegion":"alpine","biome":"alpine","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Deciduous Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Fresh Water Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Montane grasslands and shrublands","uri":null},{"label":"Rivers","uri":null},{"label":"Small lakes","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate coniferous forests","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Acid alpine and subalpine grassland (E4.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements (H3.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands (E4)","uri":null},{"label":"Alpine larch - Arolla woodland (G3.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub (F2)","uri":null},{"label":"Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires (D4)","uri":null},{"label":"Basic and ultra-basic inland cliffs (H3.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Beech woodland (G1.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved deciduous woodland (G1)","uri":null},{"label":"Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat (G1.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland (E4.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures (H2.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Cave interiors (H1.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Conifer scrub close to the tree limit (F2.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Coniferous woodland (G3)","uri":null},{"label":"Dry grasslands (E1)","uri":null},{"label":"Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub (F2.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Fir and spruce woodland (G3.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Habitat complexes (X)","uri":null},{"label":"Heathland, scrub and tundra (F)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops (H3)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland surface waters (C)","uri":null},{"label":"Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats (H)","uri":null},{"label":"Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies (C3)","uri":null},{"label":"Low and medium altitude hay meadows (E2.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Mesic grasslands (E2)","uri":null},{"label":"Meso- and eutrophic oak, hornbeam, ash, sycamore, lime, elm and related woodland (G1.A)","uri":null},{"label":"Mires, bogs and fens (D)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland (G4)","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed fir - spruce - beech woodland (G4.6)","uri":null},{"label":"Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows (E5.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Non-riverine alder woodland (G1.B)","uri":null},{"label":"Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes (E1.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation (C3.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Raised and blanket bogs (D1)","uri":null},{"label":"Raised bogs (D1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks (D4.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant alder, birch, poplar or willow (G1.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Riverine and fen scrubs (F9)","uri":null},{"label":"Riverine scrub (F9.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Scots pine woodland south of the taiga (G3.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Screes (H2)","uri":null},{"label":"Springs, spring brooks and geysers (C2.1)","uri":null},{"label":"Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands (E5.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Surface running waters (C2)","uri":null},{"label":"Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes (H2.4)","uri":null},{"label":"Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies (H1)","uri":null},{"label":"Transition mires and quaking bogs (D2.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Treeline ecotones (X20)","uri":null},{"label":"Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires (D2)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands (E5)","uri":null},{"label":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land (G)","uri":null}],"landforms":[{"label":"Canyon","uri":null},{"label":"Mountain","uri":null},{"label":"Plateau","uri":null},{"label":"River","uri":null},{"label":"Valley","uri":null}],"geoBonBiome":["Fresh water lakes","Fresh water rivers","Terrestrial"],"geology":"The predominant rock type in the Ges\u00e4use mountains is the Dachstein limestone, deposited in the lagoons and behind the coral reefs of the Upper Triassic era. The base of the great mountain walls is mostly composed of the brittle Wetterstein dolomite, that was deposited in the large and monotonous ocean basins of the mid-Triassic era. As a transitional rock between the dolomite and the limestone we have the Dachstein dolomite, which contributes to the composition of the mountains in the area of the Buchstein and the Planspitze. What catches the eye is the small Raibl layer between the Wetterstein and the Dachstein dolomite: a distinctive succession of brown sandstone, black slate and mottled dolomite. The start of the Jurassic era is characterized by red and partly mottled limes. The Lias limestone in particular strikes a special note in the idyllic high valleys. Here the Jurassic limestone and the flecked marl (another of the sedimentary rocks) have a higher clay content than the Dachstein limestone and so, after weathering, they produce a deeper soil.","hydrology":"Hydrology in the area is mostly influenced by geology and precipitation. The limestone is characterised by bein easily disolved by water in comparison to silicate. Hence, most of the rainfall drains away. This fomrms little holes and caves in the stone. Less penetrable layers like the \u0022Raibl layer\u0022 lead to water retention and the formation if cave lakes and freshwater springs. Such springs are very common in the Ges\u00e4use and they can be classified into different types. An intensive research programm intended to investigate the springs of the National Park which led to an immense gain of scientific data and valuable new insights into the bodiversity of these springs. Concerning rivers the Enns and the Johnsbach are characteristic for the Ges\u00e4use. Most of the other streams are quite small and only temporary. There is one lake within the National Park - the Sulzkar Lake in the moranic landscape of the Sulzkar meadow. Its hydrology has been investigates in the course of several research works.","soils":"The most common soil types above the limestone of the Ges\u00e4use mountains are rendzina, brown calcareous soil abd brown clay. Transitions between these types can be smooth. On slopes gley soils are common. Floodplain soils and bogs can be mentioned as special soil types in the area.","vegetation":"The Ges\u00e4use is characterised by its extraordinary diversity of flora. Amongst the range of factors responsible for this, a very important part is played by the rock type. The quality of nutriment offered by limestone is, for example, basically better than that provided by silicates. Another very important factor for the high biodiversity of plants is the relief of the landscape. Due to the steepness of the mountains, the sequence of different vegetation types occures within a relatively small area. Because of this concentration of extremely diverse habitats, the Ges\u00e4use is characterized by a high diversity of vascular plants. Within the area of the National Park about 800 species of vacular plants can be found. These belong to 500 genera and 115 families. Beside the bio-geological reasons the last ice age also contributed to this richness. The region was located at the edge of the huge glacier which covered the alps during the Wuerm Ice Age. Therefore, the area was a refuge for many species. This situation during the Wuerm Ice Age is also a reason for the high number of endemic species in the Ges\u00e4use. Differnt types of coniferous and mixed forests are the main vegetation types in the Ges\u00e4use. Above the treeline alpine grassland and rock habitats are the mayor habitat types. Scree slopes reach from high altitudes down to the valley. An interesting characteristic of these streams is the mixture of alpine and lowland plant species because of the sharp change of conditions at the edge of the scree slopes. Sustainably managed pastures also contibute to the biodiversity of plants and are valuable habitats within the National Park. A very special habitat type with highly adapted species are the bogs and springs of the Ges\u00e4use."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"MULTIPOLYGON (((14.653257124696 47.624597407936, 14.653310099643 47.624602753878, 14.660705585194 47.622947390063, 14.66074515973 47.622975594448, 14.66082613722 47.622982733503, 14.662855687254 47.623278845724, 14.662960600205 47.623297689591, 14.666811066022 47.623990891223, 14.667516483664 47.624117890542, 14.667758573499 47.623979895226, 14.671242704259 47.622006867353, 14.67155469746 47.621830184024, 14.675498867497 47.619785650019, 14.675862020122 47.619597384336, 14.675994059552 47.619570530993, 14.676438867322 47.619826785818, 14.679333400693 47.621541428535, 14.680716025643 47.622360391197, 14.680716612688 47.622363724819, 14.681531613219 47.622840752054, 14.683977612386 47.621876595495, 14.701137980025 47.622391946827, 14.701139061629 47.622379172753, 14.709470612093 47.622626567375, 14.709782961306 47.622288741311, 14.711820019445 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