{"title":"Bessanese high-elevation experimental site - Italy","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"f8718e56-fb4d-49a3-92a9-3670e7f10ee9"},"type":"site","created":"2020-08-14T10:40:48+02:00","changed":"2026-03-26T14:02:58+01:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":null,"projects":null},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Guido Nigrelli","email":"guido.nigrelli@irpi.cnr.it","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-5915"}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"CNR - Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (IRPI)","url":"http:\/\/www.irpi.cnr.it\/en\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040zx077"}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Guido Nigrelli","email":"guido.nigrelli@irpi.cnr.it","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-5915"}],"fundingAgency":[{"type":"organisation","name":"CNR - Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (IRPI)","url":"http:\/\/www.irpi.cnr.it\/en\/","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040zx077"}],"siteUrl":[{"title":"Website n 1: description (ITA)","value":"https:\/\/geoclimalp.irpi.cnr.it\/bacino-della-bessanese\/"},{"title":"Website n 2: Near real-time rock temperatures data (ENG)","value":"https:\/\/bessanese.lab3841.it\/dashboard"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Bessanese high-elevation experimental site is located in the Western European Alps (Graian Alps, municipality of Balme, Italy). This site is representative of the glacial and periglacial environments of the Alps. In this site, glaciers have been the main morphogenetic agent: the head of the basin hosts a well-developed glacial cirque, while the LIA has left an imposing moraine on the left side of the glacier as an indelible mark in the landscape. Additional cryogenic and atmospheric processes, running waters and gravity have contributed to shape the study area. These latter processes are becoming more and more important, compared to glacier shaping, in the present context of climate change, which led to an impressive-areal and volume reduction of the glacier. Most of the area once occupied by the glacier is now covered with debris which, in many cases, is ice-cored, or contains ice lenses. Downstream of the main lake of the basin, located at an elevation of about 2580 m, the debris forms a large and characteristic rock glacier. Among gravitative processes, rockfalls are particularly common and relevant from the hazard point of view in the study area.\r\n-----------------------------\r\n-----------------------------\r\nNear real-time rock temperatures are available at:\r\nhttps:\/\/bessanese.lab3841.it\/\r\n------------------------------\r\n-----------------------------\r\nSome publications:\r\n1. Nigrelli G., Paranunzio R., Turconi L., Luino F., Mortara G., Guerini M., Giardino M., Chiarle M. (2024) \u2013 First national inventory of high-elevation mass movements in the Italian Alps. Computers and Geosciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2024.105520\r\n2. Nigrelli G., Chiarle M. (2023) \u2013 1991\u20132020 climate normal in the European Alps: focus on high-elevation environments. Journal of Mountain Science, 20(8), 2149-2163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11629-023-7951-7\r\n3. Nigrelli G., Chiarle M., Merlone A., Coppa G., Musacchio C. (2022) \u2013 Rock temperature variability in high-altitude rockfall-prone areas. Journal of Mountain Science, 19(3), 798-811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11629-021-7073-z\r\n4. Viani C., Chiarle M., Paranunzio R., Merlone A., Musacchio C., Coppa G., Nigrelli G.  (2020) \u2013 An integrated approach to investigate climate-driven rockfall occurrence in high alpine slopes: the Bessanese glacial basin, Western Italian Alps. Journal of Mountain Science, 17, 2591-2610, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11629-020-6216-y\r\n------------------------------\r\n-----------------------------\r\nDataset available on Pangaea repository:\r\n1. Nigrelli, Guido; Chiarle, Marta; Merlone, Andrea; Coppa, Graziano; Musacchio, Chiara (2022) \u2013 Rock temperature variability in the alpine cryosphere. Pangaea Data Publisher for Earth \u0026 Environmental Science, https:\/\/doi.pangaea.de\/10.1594\/PANGAEA.950246 \r\n2. Nigrelli, Guido; Barbero, Secondo; Chiarle, Marta (2021) \u2013 Solar radiation at the Bessanese high-elevation experimental site (Italy). Pangaea Data Publisher for Earth \u0026 Environmental Science, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1594\/PANGAEA.930679 \r\n3. Nigrelli, Guido; Chiarle, Marta; Merlone, Andrea; Coppa, Graziano; Musacchio, Chiara (2018) \u2013 Rock and debris temperature in the alpine cryosphere. Pangaea Data Publisher for Earth \u0026 Environmental Science, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1594\/PANGAEA.894317","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":2014,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"Bessanese high-elevation experimental site","shortName":"Bessanese experimental site","siteType":"Stationary land-based site","protectionLevel":null,"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/bessanese%20experimental%20site_14.jpg","alt":"The Bessanese high-elevation experimental site"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/Albedometer_0.jpg","alt":"AWS (owner ARPA Piemonte) and our albedometer"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/datalogger_0.jpg","alt":"Rock (a) and debris (b) temperature acquired by microdatalogger with known measurement uncertainty"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/webcam_0.jpg","alt":"Our 360\u00b0 webcam (https:\/\/bessanese.panomax.com\/)"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/bessanese%20glacier.jpg","alt":"The strong retreat of the Bessanese glacier"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-02\/fori.jpg","alt":"Drilling operations and insertion of the temperature data logger at 10, 30 and 50 cm depth (B)"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-12\/Immagine.jpg","alt":"Time-series analysis for the 1991-2020 climate normal"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/20220803_083808.jpg","alt":"Air temperature measurements inside a rock glacier"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/IMG20220713093021.jpg","alt":"Water temperature measurements at the lower limit of the rock glacier"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-12\/ENG.jpg","alt":"Logistics infrastructure"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-06\/LS8-SSb6.jpg","alt":"Phyto-phenology surveys"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-09\/pere%20web%201.jpg","alt":"Rock temperature monitoring at high-elevation site (https:\/\/bessanese.lab3841.it)"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-09\/pere%20web%202.jpg","alt":"Rock temperature monitoring charts in near-real time (https:\/\/bessanese.lab3841.it)"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":0.6,"monthlyAverage":[-4.9,-5.1,-2.9,-0.6,3.5,6.6,8.2,8.2,4.8,2.1,-2,-4.4],"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":1500,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":{"label":"1991 - 2020","uri":null}},"biogeographicalRegion":"alpine","biome":"alpine","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Alpine","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands","uri":null},{"label":"Montane grasslands and shrublands","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Acid alpine and subalpine grassland (E4.3)","uri":null},{"label":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands (E4)","uri":null},{"label":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens (E)","uri":null},{"label":"Habitat complexes (X)","uri":null},{"label":"Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes (E4.2)","uri":null},{"label":"Snow patches (X05)","uri":null},{"label":"Vegetated snow-patch (E4.1)","uri":null}],"landforms":[{"label":"Mountain","uri":null}],"geoBonBiome":["Terrestrial"],"geology":"The glacial basin is carved in the Oceanic Units of the Western and Ligurian Alps, in particular in the Gastaldi Greenstones Zone. Calcschists and Metabasites are the prevailing lithotypes. Calcschists are found mainly in the eastern part of the study area, while Metabasites form the \u201cUja di Bessanese\u201d ridge. In the southern part of the basin, an isolated outcrop of Serpentinites is found.","hydrology":null,"soils":null,"vegetation":null},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((7.1199515991535 45.30171716113, 7.1199365588912 45.301774435998, 7.1199824311745 45.301918090062, 7.1200316345791 45.302088592494, 7.1200627082584 45.302169484654, 7.1200395613747 45.302231621703, 7.1200693563162 45.302351194539, 7.1202168125406 45.302484612816, 7.1202630262984 45.303128417775, 7.1201775201861 45.303162734684, 7.120225361415 45.303246879908, 7.1202504357126 45.303509273635, 7.1200970744692 45.303554381543, 7.120039789086 45.303755878113, 7.1199711472229 45.30379047254, 7.1199503466206 45.303909212257, 7.1197946226943 45.304025730184, 7.1197593176105 45.304072781676, 7.119802829747 45.304287846213, 7.1196266965231 45.304511201803, 7.1194709702587 45.304627719239, 7.1192301279223 45.304766650856, 7.1191104937475 45.304812312996, 7.1189394749543 45.304880944897, 7.1188535716335 45.304927162481, 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7.1199391166408 45.301697074682, 7.1199515991535 45.30171716113))","coordinates":"POINT (7.14274 45.29806)","country":["Italy"],"elevation":{"avg":2600,"min":1795,"max":3601,"unit":"msl"},"size":{"value":600,"unit":"ha"},"relatedLocations":null},"focusDesignScale":{"experiments":{"design":"mainly experimentation","scale":"catchment scale"},"observations":{"design":"mainly observation","scale":"entire catchment"},"observedProperties":[{"label":"air temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22035"},{"label":"atmospheric parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20937"},{"label":"atmospheric pressure","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22060"},{"label":"birds presence","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10082"},{"label":"body temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21367"},{"label":"bulk density","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22074"},{"label":"ecosystem parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20939"},{"label":"environmental parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20941"},{"label":"floristic composition","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22121"},{"label":"flowering date","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22096"},{"label":"ground surface temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21526"},{"label":"ground temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21527"},{"label":"heat flux","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22130"},{"label":"lake temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10011"},{"label":"land cover","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22142"},{"label":"landscape parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20943"},{"label":"maximum temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21529"},{"label":"mean annual air temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21530"},{"label":"minimum temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21532"},{"label":"physical parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20938"},{"label":"precipitation intensity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22204"},{"label":"reflected radiation intensity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22210"},{"label":"relative humidity","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21579"},{"label":"river temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10015"},{"label":"snow depth","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/21207"},{"label":"snow depth","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22240"},{"label":"soil albedo","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10302"},{"label":"soil pH","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22264"},{"label":"soil parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20944"},{"label":"soil temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22278"},{"label":"solar radiation","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22284"},{"label":"water colour","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/10390"},{"label":"water parameter","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/20945"},{"label":"water temperature","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22313"},{"label":"wind direction","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22317"},{"label":"wind speed","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/EnvThes\/22319"}]},"infrastructure":{"accessibleAllYear":false,"accessType":"footpath\/trail","allPartsAccessible":true,"maintenanceInterval":null,"permanentPowerSupply":true,"operation":{"permanent":false,"notes":null,"siteVisitInterval":null},"notes":"In the experimental area there is a hut (owner Club Alpino Italiano, Sezione di Torino) which is open from June to September. This hut is equipped with electricity produced by solar panels (see: https:\/\/www.rifugiogastaldi.com\/). in the hut there is a phone, in the area there is no mobile phone signal. Close to the hut, there is an AWS (owner ARPA Piemonte). This AWS has been active since 1988 and the data it has acquired has good continuity and few missing values (see http:\/\/webgis.arpa.piemonte.it\/bancadatimeteo\/php\/meteo.php?CODTOT=001019900). During the summer 2016, we have installed a 360\u00b0 webcam, at 2775 m a.s.l., on the left morain of the Bessanese glacier. This webcam is equipped with electricity produced by solar panels. During the summer 2021, the webcam was moved close to the hut (2659 m a.s.l.).\r\n","collection":[{"label":"1 place","uri":null},{"label":"Data portal","uri":null},{"label":"Graph or object database","uri":null},{"label":"Helicopter","uri":null},{"label":"Paper","uri":null},{"label":"Relational database","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial data file (GIS)","uri":null},{"label":"Spatial database (GIS)","uri":null}],"data":{"policy":{"url":null,"rights":null,"notes":null}}},"relatedResources":[{"id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sensors\/","suffix":"9056b150-3874-4564-aa68-6c5eccadbe50"},"title":"Temperature data loggers","changed":"2021-03-09T15:08:56+01:00"},{"id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sensors\/","suffix":"c8c1bbb8-024a-47cd-a4c4-564469e2d3fc"},"title":"Albedometer","changed":"2021-03-09T15:06:04+01:00"},{"id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sensors\/","suffix":"2af339dd-a956-471f-9406-b0f74bacd579"},"title":"Meteorological station","changed":"2024-02-29T07:37:24+01:00"},{"id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sensors\/","suffix":"05e53a6e-bb71-42e1-a422-541746cba9f8"},"title":"IoT sensor for rock tempereture and solar radiation monitoring","changed":"2025-09-30T11:46:00+02:00"}],"projectRelated":{"lter":{"lterSiteClassification":null}}}}