{"title":"LTSER Wadden Sea Area - Netherlands","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/","suffix":"fcbf044b-20e2-4e87-894d-10bfe6e3a7ac"},"type":"site","created":"2013-05-02T00:25:37+02:00","changed":"2026-08-14T11:25:58+02:00","attributes":{"affiliation":{"networks":[{"network":{"name":"ILTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"1aa7ccb2-a14b-43d6-90ac-5e0a6bc1d65b"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"LTER Europe","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"4742ffca-65ac-4aae-815f-83738500a1fc"}},"siteCode":null,"verified":true},{"network":{"name":"Netherlands LTER","id":{"prefix":"https:\/\/deims.org\/networks\/","suffix":"8312c2c4-a787-4986-9a3d-3f1364bab3ba"}},"siteCode":"LTER_EU_NL_001","verified":true}],"projects":[{"label":"Birds Directive (2009\/147\/EC)","uri":null},{"label":"EcoPotential (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/641762"},{"label":"Natura 2000","uri":"https:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/"},{"label":"OSPAR","uri":"https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/"},{"label":"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands","uri":"https:\/\/www.ramsar.org"},{"label":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","uri":"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/about\/"},{"label":"Water Framework Directive (2000\/60\/EC)","uri":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/water\/water-framework\/index_en.html"},{"label":"eLTER (H2020)","uri":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/654359"}]},"contact":{"siteManager":[{"type":"person","name":"Sander Holthuijsen","email":"sander.holthuijsen@rws.nl","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-6933"}],"operatingOrganisation":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Ministry of LVVN","url":"https:\/\/www.rijksoverheid.nl\/ministeries\/ministerie-van-landbouw-visserij-voedselzekerheid-en-natuur","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"NIOZ Netherlands Institute for Sea Reseach","url":"https:\/\/www.nioz.nl\/en\/research\/expertise\/wadden-delta-centre","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"Rijkswaterstaat","url":"https:\/\/www.rijkswaterstaat.nl\/water\/waterbeheer\/beheer-en-ontwikkeling-rijkswateren\/waddenzee","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"WMR Wageningen Marine Research","url":"https:\/\/www.wur.nl\/nl\/onderzoek-resultaten\/onderzoeksinstituten\/marine-research.htm","ror":null}],"metadataProvider":[{"type":"person","name":"Bruno Ens","email":"brunoens@gmail.com","orcid":" https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4659-4807"},{"type":"person","name":"Richard de Bruin","email":"richard.de.bruin@rws.nl","orcid":null}],"fundingAgency":[{"type":"organisation","name":"Ministry of LVVN","url":"https:\/\/www.rijksoverheid.nl\/ministeries\/ministerie-van-landbouw-visserij-voedselzekerheid-en-natuur","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"NWO Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","url":"https:\/\/www.nwo.nl\/","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"Rijkswaterstaat","url":"https:\/\/www.rijkswaterstaat.nl\/water\/waterbeheer\/beheer-en-ontwikkeling-rijkswateren\/waddenzee","ror":null},{"type":"organisation","name":"Waddenfonds","url":"https:\/\/waddenfonds.nl\/","ror":null}],"siteUrl":[{"title":"Basismonitoring Wadden","value":"https:\/\/www.basismonitoringwadden.nl\/"},{"title":"Datahuis Wadden (Open Data of the Dutch Wadden Sea","value":"https:\/\/datahuiswadden.openearth.nl\/geonetwork\/srv\/eng\/catalog.search#\/home"},{"title":"https:\/\/www.waddenacademie.nl\/en\/","value":"https:\/\/www.waddenacademie.nl\/en\/"},{"title":"Waddenbalans Socio-economic monitor","value":"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/collections\/1fa52d8f6dce4d12a80ac55d5c3412d4"}]},"general":{"abstract":"The Dutch Wadden Sea area is a large coastal area (615510 ha) bordering the north of the Netherlands. A range of inhabited barrier islands (included in LTSER Dutch Wadden Sea Area) separate the Dutch Wadden Sea from the North Sea. The barrier islands comprise sandy beaches, dunes, grazed and ungrazed saltmarsh areas, and polders with meadows and villages. The Dutch Wadden Sea itself consists of intertidal mudflats and subtidal areas. The southern border of the area consists of inhabited polders, many of which consist of reclaimed saltmarsh areas. The Dutch Wadden Sea is part of the international Wadden Sea, extending along the coasts of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The international Wadden Sea comprises the largest tidal flats system in the world, where natural processes proceed to a large extent undisturbed. ","citation":null,"relatedIdentifiers":null,"status":{"label":"Operational","uri":"http:\/\/vocabs.lter-europe.net\/elter_cl\/10772"},"yearEstablished":1872,"yearClosed":null,"relatedSites":null,"siteName":"LTSER Wadden Sea Area","shortName":"NL-WZsocial","siteType":"Platform","protectionLevel":[{"label":"Category IV \u2013 Habitat\/Species Management Area","uri":"http:\/\/dd.eionet.europa.eu\/vocabularyconcept\/cdda\/IucnCategoryValue\/IV"}],"landUse":null,"images":[{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5859.jpg","alt":"Birds feeding on exposed intertidal flats with a mussel bed and a vessel fishing for shrimp in the gully"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5860.jpg","alt":"Ferry between Holwerd on the mainland and the barrier island Ameland navigating through a shallow gully"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5861.jpg","alt":"Oystercatchers, gulls and terns roosting during high tide on a grazed saltmarsh on the island of Vlieland"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5862.jpg","alt":"Educational excursion organised by Ecomare on the intertidal flats bordering the island of Texel with the island of Vlieland in the distance"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5863.jpg","alt":"Scientist walking on the grazed saltmarsh of the island of Ameland bordered by artificial dunes"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5864.jpg","alt":"Hide for observing birds on the edge of the saltmarsh on the island of Ameland with the mainland coast in the distance"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5865.jpg","alt":"Scientists transporting equipment on a large sandbank called Vliehors on the island of Vlieland"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_5866.jpg","alt":"Scientist struggling with the wind and moving sand in young developing dunes on the Vliehors on the island of Vlieland"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_6340.jpg","alt":"Research vessel Navicula from NIOZ and vessel Krukel from ministry LVVN used for both inspection, monitoring and research, on exposed tidal flats"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/Breed_met-laptop-en-meetpaal_0.jpg","alt":"Downloading measurements from a measuring pole on board a research vessel"},{"url":"https:\/\/deims.org\/sites\/default\/files\/photos\/ltser-dutch-wadden-sea-area-netherlands_6545.jpg","alt":"Birds roosting during high tide on a sandbank"}]},"environmentalCharacteristics":{"airTemperature":{"yearlyAverage":9.6,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"\u00b0C","referencePeriod":null},"precipitation":{"yearlyAverage":850,"monthlyAverage":null,"unit":"mm","referencePeriod":null},"biogeographicalRegion":null,"biome":"coastal","ecosystemType":[{"label":"Agricultural","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal","uri":null},{"label":"Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Mixed Forest","uri":null},{"label":"Urban","uri":null}],"eunisHabitat":[{"label":"Coastal dune heaths (B1.5)","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal dunes and sandy shores (B1)","uri":null},{"label":"Coastal habitats (B)","uri":null}],"landforms":null,"geoBonBiome":["Marine","Coastal"],"geology":"From a geological point of view the Wadden Sea is very young, dating from the latest geological period, the Quaternary. The sedimentary deposits are mainly sand and silt, as well as organic materials, that are modelled and remodelled every hour by the constant working of water and wind, of tides, drifts and currents. Shallows like the Wadden Sea develop as the result of interaction between a relative rise in sea-levels and a supply of sediment. The rise in sea-levels leads to increasing water-depths. However, the supply of sediment results in the expansion and heightening of sand- as well as mud-flats, both becoming larger and higher, thereby annulling the effects of sea-level rising.","hydrology":"The North Sea waters are affected by the warm North Atlantic Current, which moves northward along the western side of the British Isles and enters the Norwegian Sea.","soils":"Mainly sand and clay","vegetation":"Tidal flats are covered with microscopic algae, macroalgae and very locally some seagrass. Saltmarshes are covered with salt-resistant low vegetation. Dunes are covered with drought-resistant shrubby vegetation and locally forests have been planted. Polders are covered with meadows, agricultural lands and forests."},"geographic":{"boundaries":"POLYGON ((4.5538 52.989, 4.5541 52.9915, 4.5547 52.9946, 4.5555 52.998, 4.5565 53.0016, 4.558 53.0057, 4.5593 53.0084, 4.5607 53.0114, 4.5626 53.0147, 4.5649 53.0178, 4.5682 53.0218, 4.5713 53.0251, 4.5746 53.0281, 4.579 53.0317, 4.5888 53.0384, 4.5941 53.0414, 4.5992 53.0442, 4.6036 53.0463, 4.6083 53.0485, 4.6129 53.0504, 4.6182 53.0528, 4.6199 53.0555, 4.6205 53.0586, 4.621 53.0617, 4.6216 53.0648, 4.6224 53.0688, 4.623 53.0719, 4.6236 53.0744, 4.6247 53.0776, 4.6266 53.0818, 4.6296 53.0862, 4.6323 53.0895, 4.6344 53.0925, 4.6365 53.0954, 4.6389 53.0984, 4.6412 53.1017, 4.6439 53.1051, 4.6465 53.1088, 4.6494 53.1125, 4.6513 53.1151, 4.6539 53.1184, 4.6581 53.124, 4.6613 53.128, 4.6645 53.1321, 4.6674 53.1358, 4.6698 53.1388, 4.6722 53.1418, 4.6756 53.1459, 4.6784 53.1492, 4.681 53.1524, 4.6837 53.1553, 4.6862 53.1579, 4.6892 53.1609, 4.6922 53.1638, 4.6955 53.1668, 4.6985 53.1694, 4.7013 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